Poverty, Social Exclusion and Discrimination in Wales

Neediness, Social Exclusion and Discrimination in Wales Grains is a differing nation with its own national personality, language and multicultural society, anyway Wales additionally has characterized issues. Inside the accompanying task I intend to take a gander at the effect of neediness, separation and social rejection inside Wales and the job of the social laborer in tending to these issues. I will at that point clarify the job of against harsh practice in making social incorporation. To comprehend the effect of neediness, separation and social avoidance I have to clarify what is implied by these issues. Individuals regularly consider destitution and social avoidance as a budgetary issue which influences individuals who are jobless living on benefits however in actuality it includes a far more extensive scope of people (The Bevan Foundation 2009). Meanings of destitution, separation and social avoidance differ however I think the definition given by European Commission covers the wide range of issues. It states: â€Å"People are supposed to be living in destitution if their salary and assets are so lacking as to block them from having a way of life considered adequate in the general public in which they live. Due to their destitution they may encounter different weakness through joblessness, low salary, poor lodging, lacking human services and boundaries to long lasting learning, culture, game and amusement. They are regularly barred and minimized from taking an interest in exercises (financial, social and social) that are the standard for others and their entrance to essential rights might be restricted.† Grains is the most unfortunate nation inside the United Kingdom, because of the conclusion of quite a bit of its industry causing high joblessness, cuts in broad daylight spending, advantage changes and a maturing populace, it is believed that 600,000 around quarter of populace live in destitution, even regions which are viewed as well-to-do are not as rich the same number of parts of the remainder of the United Kingdom (Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2013). The Bevan Foundation characterizes gatherings of individuals inside Wales who experience destitution, segregation and social prohibition, these are ethnic minority gatherings, ladies, crippled individuals, youngsters and youngsters and more established individuals of benefits age. The BBC news and spare the kids have states one of every three youngsters in Wales live in a home acquiring 60% lower than the normal pay over the United Kingdom which is  £26000, subsequently Wales has probably the least fortunate families who have expressed they consistently abandon food to guarantee their kids can eat and are thinking that its difficult to buy premise, for example, shoes and a warm winter coat. Some welsh guardians on a low salary have expressed they are routinely worried about cash which impacts on their relationship with their kids, this can effectsly affect the youngster. Youngsters who grow up poor are bound to leave school without capabilities, have less educational encounters, decreased desire, limited capacity to find a decent line of work and can prompt long lasting issues with their physical, state of mind prompting abbreviated lives. Huge numbers of these families wind up in the constant pattern of neediness and social avoidance, for instance a kid bro ught up in destitution is bound to leave school with low or no capabilities, which lessens business openings accessible to them, which prompts low salary which could prompt them living and raising their youngsters in neediness and the cycle starts by and by. These issues are then intensified by the segregation of more extensive society who frequently see individuals living in destitution as ‘scroungers’ living off the express, this took care of by the media providing details regarding individuals asserting a lot of advantages and shows, for example, Benefits Street which the minority of individuals when the truth numerous individuals living in neediness are regularly working. Neediness and social rejection can be viewed as an issue inside huge urban communities, there is an observation that solitary the rich live in country zones, yet these issues likewise influence Wales’s huge rustic regions. Pierson proposes rejection inside rustic territories can be viewed as an individual issue as individuals who as of now living in neediness frequently live nearby to somebody whose house is their second or a various vehicles family unit, contrasted and individuals living in urban zones who live in socially denied regions where their nearby neighbor could be confronting similar issues, considering managing these issues could be more diligently to handle. Pugh states it is frequently difficult to perceiving issues of social prohibition, neediness and segregation inside country territories because of untouchables being unwanted in littler networks or because of the topographical zones of people. With the withdrawal or combination of administrations numerous admi nistrations because of limited quantities of individuals utilizing them, numerous individuals are frequently left socially secluded. Pierson additionally recommends that individuals living in country regions frequently face higher everyday costs and they have to head out longer separations to buys the nuts and bolts. Youngsters living in destitution inside provincial territories frequently end up with low instructive capabilities and a diminished or no open doors for business. Shucksmith proposes more youthful individuals and more seasoned individuals inside rustic zones regularly mingle more than in urban territories which can frequently impact their perspectives on sexuality and social jobs, this can cause separation or leave individuals incapable to transparently manage l issues, for example, sexuality inside the nearby network. Pugh states seclusion inside rustic zones for individuals with emotional well-being issues is regularly brought about by people groups misconception of t heir issues which can cause separation, individuals are frequently left not having any desire to participate in networks where these perspectives are available, this is frequently the perspectives and encounters of gay people. There is frequently a presumption inside the consideration area in Wales that most welsh speakers can communicate in English and in this way can get benefits in English. Thus a few regions of social consideration segment there is practically no arrangement for administrations conveyed by means of the vehicle of welsh. Segment one of the set of accepted rules ‘1.6 states regarding assorted variety and various societies and value’ by not offering administrations for an assistance client in welsh the social laborer is neglecting to address the issues of the administration client which could bring about debilitation. Welsh Government states in More than Just Words ‘Many administration clients are entirely powerless, so setting an obligation on them to request benefits with the help of Welsh is out of line. It is the obligation of specialist organizations to meet these consideration needs. Associations are relied upon to standard Welsh language benefits as a fundamental component of administration arranging and delivery’. Social laborers constantly tending to issues cause by social prohibition, segregation and challenge them delicately and helpfully which is a central piece of their job. This is reflected in the code of training composed by the consideration board of Wales, all through the code it states individuals must regard individuals as people and recognize people groups convictions in societies and qualities. The consideration laborer must not: 5.5 Discriminate unlawfully or ridiculously against administration clients, carers or partners 5.6 Condone any unlawful or outlandish segregation by administration clients, carers or associates Thompson expresses the social laborer must comprehension and perceive the essentialness of segregation and abuse in administration users’ lives and conditions. Separation happens on 3 levels (PSC) which are interlinked, P alludes to individual or mental, this ganders at the individual’s considerations, sentiments, perspectives and activities, musings about explicit gatherings inside society are frequently founded on people’s singular encounters. C alludes to someone’s culture which impacts on how individuals do, think or see things, culture can be extremely compelling on what individuals see as the ‘norm’ inside society. The last letter S alludes to Structural levels this is social division and force inside society. Honer states the social specialist should likewise get gatherings and people can confront segregation which can be totally different and individual. The job of the social laborer is multifunctional managing neediness, social prohibition and segregation with underline on an all encompassing, resident focused help which engages individuals to assume responsibility for their lives while advancing social change (International Federation of social specialists). Thompson sees strengthening on three unique levels Personal, social, auxiliary, I figure this can likewise been seen with Dominelli as they state strengthening can be does on two levels. The miniaturized scale level is the work the social laborer completes with the administration client empowering them to assume responsibility for their lives, and the large scale level is the work the social specialist does inside the more extensive network and moving social approach by carry issues to the consideration of significant specialists or weight gatherings, expanding the social and political intensity of gatherings which are abused. Sadly this can be lost inside current focused on co ordinated practice. Individuals are urged to accomplish their maximum capacity and elevates adapting methodologies to guarantee individuals succeed. Pierson states when working with administration clients who are socially avoided, there are 5 structure squares required, amplifying pay and making sure about essential assets for administration clients and their families. The social laborer needs to have a decent comprehension of the present advantages frameworks and stay up with the latest with any changes. Fortifying social backings and systems, working in association with offices and nearby associations, making channels of powerful cooperation for administration clients, neighborhood occupants and their associations. Concentrating on neighborhood and network level practice. Dominelli proposes making power in persecuted bunches by unite individuals are

Reflection on conjoint family therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection on conjoint family treatment - Essay Example In reality a portion of the perfectionist advisors can't passive consent to begin with a meeting except if the entire family is available. This treatment exists on the premises that the entire family is the customer thus anything short of that is underrepresentation. For the family to recuperate, it is consequently fundamental that the weak connections must be available in the room while treatment is led, requiring the nearness of the entire family (Satir 1983, p.66). The indications of family torment show themselves in one individual from the family; these then influence different individuals in various structures causing a definitive breakdown. This has been utilized with extensive achievement, to manage issues, for example, liquor abuse where one member’s enslavement influences the whole family (Piercy, Sprenkle, Wetchler 1996, p.320,). One of the significant preferences of conjoint family treatment is that it makes an indigenous habitat for kids to communicate in treatment. Little youngsters frequently seem to have mental issues, however these are typically responses to a grieved domain. Remembering that the child’s essential condition is the family, frequently family issues Cause his/her disappointment. Accordingly, the family as a unit should recuperate so the child’s issues can be illuminated Since kids are regularly not expressive, singular treatment can be scary, and they might be overpowered by treatment whose cause they may not appreciate. This will debase the treatment, makes the feeling that there might be a major issue with him/her consequently, and subsequently make mental new issue (Kafka, 2012). Also, it is critical that the guardians support therapists’ work, and in the event that they don't know about what the youngster has realized through treatment, they may switch the enhancements. This can happen incidentally through their conduct particularly in the event that it is the course of the youngster requiring treatment in any case. Conjoint

Boiling Point Elevation Definition - Chemistry Glossary

Breaking point Elevation Definition - Chemistry Glossary Breaking point height, the point of solidification discouragement, fume pressure bringing down, and osmotic weight are instances of colligative properties. These are properties of issue that are influenced by the quantity of particles in an example. Breaking point Elevation Definition Breaking point height is the marvel that happens when the breaking point of a fluid (a dissolvable) is expanded when another compound is included, with the end goal that the arrangement has a higher breaking point than the unadulterated dissolvable. Breaking point height happens at whatever point a non-unstable solute is added to an unadulterated dissolvable. While breaking point height relies upon the quantity of disintegrated particles in an answer, their personality isn't a factor. Dissolvable solute collaborations additionally don't influence breaking point rise. An instrument called an ebullioscope is utilized to precisely gauge breaking point and along these lines recognize in the case of breaking point rise has happened and how much the breaking point has changed. Breaking point Elevation Examples The breaking point of salted water is higher than the breaking point of unadulterated water. Salt is an electrolyte that separates into particles in arrangement, so it has a generally enormous effect on breaking point. Note nonelectrolytes, for example, sugar, likewise increment breaking point. Nonetheless, on the grounds that a nonelectrolyte doesn't separate to frame various particles, it has less of an impact, per mass, than a dissolvable electrolyte. Breaking point Elevation Equation The recipe used to figure breaking point height is a blend of the Clausius-Clapeyron condition and Raoults law. It is accepted the solute is non-unstable. ÃŽTb  Kb  ·Ã‚ bB where ÃŽTb is the breaking point elevationKb is the ebullioscopic steady, which relies upon the solventbB is the molality of the arrangement (ordinarily found in a table) Along these lines, breaking point height is legitimately relative to the molal centralization of a substance arrangement.

Management (Self-Analysis & Professional Development Plan) Essay

The board (Self-Analysis and Professional Development Plan) - Essay Example Prior to moving into the two segments, recorded beneath are the arrangement of tests that I have attempted. Additionally, the outcomes to the test have been joined in the addendum for reference purposes. Before I go into my self examination, it is basic to get a concise thought regarding me. I am twenty seven years of age and am initially from the Middle East. I have been raised there and subsequently English has been my subsequent language. I am a straightforward and practical individual with a high get-up-and-go and a student. In view of the entirety of the outcomes that I got from the character tests, I have a more clear comprehension of myself and I present this as underneath. My fundamental character is a decent blend of a few unique viewpoints like being pleasing, Conscientiousness, and passionate soundness. I have scored a sum of 13, 12 and 12 for every one of the previously mentioned individually. In view of this, unmistakably I have a few characteristics that will help me in my vocation. As per the tests, I am an individual who is entirely pleasant, with a quiet, trusting, mindful, reliable, innovative and helpful nature. I consent to this as naturally I have consistently been a very individual, with straightforward expectations and wants and have consistently known about my duties and my environmental factors. I comprehend the should know about the sentiment of others around me. I have been raised in a huge family and consequently, these attributes have been available from youth. I have gained from my slip-ups that it is fundamental to be energetic about things, yet a sensible and judicious choice must be made with a without a care in the world outlo ok. An expression by George Herbert, peruses, ‘Be quiet in belligerence; for wildness makes blunder an issue, and truth discourtesy’1.Hence I give a great deal of consideration to being quiet, created at this point excited about existence and all its giving. The test to check my Jungian 16 †Type character additionally depicts and talks a great deal about me. The consequences of this test are precise and it

East Campus REX Events!

East Campus REX Events! To all the prefrosh who are about to arrive / on their way here / already here: Welcome to MIT! All of us, no matter our class year or living group, are excited to have you here :) We at East Campus are especially excited for the REX events we’re hosting for y’all this year. This year, our theme is “Wild Wild West” and we plan to deliver on this come to the East Campus courtyard and you’ll probably see at least one person walking around in our badass Rush shirt or wearing a brightly colored cowboy hat. In particular, the people wearing the cowboy hats are around to give you tours and answer your questions (or your parents’ questions, if your parents are sketched out by how hardcoar East Campus is :P). But any of us hanging around the courtyard will be happy to show you around or answer your questions about East Campus or MIT in general! Some of you have probably already looked at this, but if you haven’t: here’s the complete list of REX activities MIT is offering this year. I obviously can’t speak much about events other dorms are running, but I can talk at length about East Campus’s events! If you click on the little magnifying glass in the top right corner and click “Filter by dorm” “East Campus”, then you can scroll through all the events that we’re offering this year. Things that will be happening throughout pretty much all of REX/Rush: Construction and grilling! (Grill and chill and build on the booklet): Every REX, East Campus has a tradition of building some very impressive structures to showcase to the prefrosh. This year, we’re building a fort and an arch bridge, and it’s going to look super cool. I’m not allowed to post any pictures of what it looks like / what it will look like so it’ll be a surprise :) but if you want to check it out, stop by the East Campus courtyard and help out! If you’ve never used a power tool well, now’s the time to learn! Our grills will also always be in operation during construction hours, so stop by for a burger (vegetarian options available) and some good conversation with the grillmasters :) Brand Yourself (hair dye/henna), starting on 8/25: We have some ridiculously talented hair dyers here at East Campus, so if you’ve always wanted to dye your hair but have never worked up the courage to do it, the EC courtyard is the place for you! We have dyes in pretty much every color you could imagine and your hair will look pretty dang awesome after we’re done with you. EC dorm tours, *technically* starting on 8/26 (but most people will give you a tour anytime you ask them): Come with us through all ten halls of East Campus and we’ll tell you stories about each hall and show you all the cool and random stuff that generations of EC students have created. Things that I’m personally super excited about, lol: International House of dinner (IHOd), on 8/25 from 6-8 PM: People will teach you how to cook and will also feed you. Double whammy. we’re not here, on 8/25 at 11 PM: we’re definitely not going to be here in case you were wondering LaTeX seminar/Flavorful fellatio (ie latex seminar), on 8/26 from 5-6 PM: Gain some in depth knowledge about both types of latex, lol East Side Party, on 8/26 from 8 PM 1 AM: I missed this event during my REX and I regretted this deeply. Come party with us in the completed fort and participate in a variety of shenanigans, some of which are detailed in the REX booklet. Others will be surprises. Cruft smashing, on 8/27 from 4-5 PM: “Cruft” refers to old stuff mostly old hardware, but we also call graduated East Campusers cruft as well. This cruft smashing refers to the former type of cruft. RIOT!!!, on 8/27 from 5-5:30 PM: Come make an impassioned speech about literally anything. where’d we go?, on 8/27 at 11 PM: Hm, I wonder… Make your own stone tool, at 8/28 from 3-5 PM: Make stone tools using other stones. It’s gonna be wild (wild west). WATER WAR!!!, on 8/28 from 7-8 PM (I believe): This isn’t in the REX booklet, but since prep is from 6:30-7 PM, I’m assuming that I’m right. The Water War is a yearly tradition in which we East Siders (East Campus, Random Hall, and rip Senior Haus) arm ourselves with a variety of harmless water-based weapons and launch an attack on the West Campusers on Killian Court. We always win, so be smart and fight for the winning side. Smol Desk Concert, on 8/28 from 8-9:30 PM: Come jam with us!! I’ll definitely be here singing my lungs out. East Campus’s own FRED Desk might also turn up to sing a few songs. Pinkies, on 8/28 from 10PM midnight: EC’s very own diner! Their food is delicious and I highly recommend showing up for a lovely home cooked meal. Make your own fire spinning prop, on 8/29 from 11 AM 3 PM: You might find me at this event pretending to be a prefrosh. I thought that fire spinning was *too hardcore* for me during my REX, but after living in East Campus for a semester, I realized that this isn’t really true and regretted not getting into it earlier. If you have any interest in fire spinning whatsoever, go to this event! There are dozens upon dozens of events for you to explore during REX enjoy them! REX is a great time to meet people and learn about all of the dorms, and an even better time to have fun. We at East Campus hope you come on over to our courtyard and spend some of that time with us! Post Tagged #a whole ass fort #East Campus #REX #Rush

Obscured Feminism in a man of the People - Free Essay Example

A significant number of critics across the world claim that Chinua Achebe does not represent women as active participants in his fictional communities he has been using across his works of literature. These criticism neglects womens contestation as male dominate both political and aesthetic as employed in the novel A Man of the People. The book foregrounds the political foibles of the unreliable narrator while overlooking how his traumatic encounter with the female agency has shaped in the narrative. The book is set in an African country during post-independence where Achebe has succeeded in making his work fictional and sound real as well. The deviation into a description of national policies is due to a profound inability to accept women petition for multiple forms of gratitude. Therefore,   A Man of the People explores obstructions to African feminism as well as sexual politics.   The writer foregrounds homosocial context between Odili, the narrator and chief who displaces central preoccupation where women are misapprehended and their dismissal to the participation of national politics. The following essay discusses the role of women in the society based on the Chinua Achebe’s novel a man of the people how he portrays women in a different perception. The book puts a lot of emphasis on womens political subordination and aesthetic misrepresentation which emerges early in a political event. The removal of Edna from the politics and introduction of Odili into the political life reverberates all through the novel. Chief Nanga decides to sponsor Edna to go through education process thus being prepared as Parlor wife. Edna lacks mandate express her on who to marry; thus she agrees to be a second wife married following the native laws and customs. Therefore, women are demoted to the authority of the customary where they dont have any freedom to play any role in the society. Odili, the narrator, rehearses that women should be pressed into reformulated schemes where he describes Edna as a convert girl and a loose woman ( p.35). Achebe has significantly displayed Woman as a person with good advice. Women are always omitted from public discourse or are either allowed under restrictive forms of presentation. From the novel, Ednas intervention and her violent expulsion re-constellates her omission during their first political event as a kind of violence. It is this transfer from interruption to violence marks a different order of communication where actions of women cannot be discounted. Moreover, the restriction of participation by women its clear when Edna fails the intervention is explicitly compared to mamas intervention.   It is evidenced in the novel when Odili the narrator quarrels with his father at the time when his plans to marry another wife, Mama. He says that   Mama has persuaded him to negotiate for peace which can only be achieved through going down on his knees to ask forgiveness and therefore, making a peace offering of a bottle of schnapps, two bottles of White Horse and a bottle of Martel l (pg.36).   Therefore, women do not interrupt, but they intervene which is a dispute to secure peace among men. Marshal Achebes female character has been used to respond to gender omission and obstruction which interrupts male attempts at hegemonic control. Achebe portrays woman as a weak, humiliated and oppressed person in the society. Women contestation of the dominant social representation greatly addresses the construction of women sexuality and their education as well as maternal mortality. However, Woman is portrayed as an intelligent and educated person where Women such as Eunice in the novel are an economist by profession and Mrs. Akilo; a lawyer significantly differs from Edna and Mrs. Nanga precisely because the former do not education which is shortened by marriage. The other women verify how schooling has modified their life to fit wedding plans. Chinua Achebe redirects to the characteristics which define marriage of Edna, and Mrs. Nanga. For example, Mrs. Nanga was quickly forced to end education and marry chief Nanga. She is also humiliated and oppressed by her husband, Chief Nanga. Mrs, Nanga has no say over her husbands behavior of being a womanizer. Elsie, Jean, and Agnes are easily convinced to make love with Chief Nan ga ( p. 38). In addition, women are portrayed as mere objects which cannot communicate using the English language. Instead, they translate it from the vernacular language.   Mrs. Nanga is a simple woman character who becomes complex in her conversational closure. However, termination of women education for marriage does not make them passive cultures who do not understand the culture of heroic representation as well as the materiality of power that upholds it. Womens tends to mock these cultures financially where Mrs. Nanga criticize the education system while Edna exploits it. Throughout the novel A Man of the People by Chinua Achebe, Edna significantly manipulates Odili together with the men around her through playing damsel. Edna’s movements which are between placement and rejection of female child in the society vulnerable appear in several scenes of the novel. For instance, odili warning her against polygamous marriage when Edna says polygamous marriage is a way of a woman, but odil i sadly told her that an educated girl should not say such rubbish ( p.27). Women are not supposed to do the artistic works of cementing allegiances to the new national state in the society, but they are called to do soothing sentimental labor in the times of crisis. They are used for emotional energy on the national stage which is evidenced in the novel A Man of the People where Esther is selected to appear during the selection of Politicians widow as a cabinet minister during a political crisis. To sum up, this novel constraints entry of women into the political leadership which in return suggests for the repositioning among Achebe’s criticism? It is a satire of political culture where it is directed to an inability of men to engage in women participation in politics. Moreover, women are not imagined they can play a significant role in the policy, and thats why people take politics as the only aspirants. The diverse models of sexualized women and the political women contextualized the evidence preoccupied where Achebe diversifies the women models and the contest which emerges between the internationally circulating and the locally produced ideologies. These historical cases manifest the semiotic codes through which actors represent women in national politics as Achebe explores these systems through the novel dissertation. The book foregrounds the political foibles of the unreliable narrator while overlooking how his traumatic encounter with the female agency has shape d in the narrative. The book is set in an African country during post-independence where Achebe has succeeded in making his work fictional and sound real as well. Thus the issue of feminism is central to the novel.

The Apology Of Plato s The Iliad - 1979 Words

â€Å"Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.† These famous words, spoken by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in his first inaugural address, have famously resonated throughout history, and although they were said nearly 2000 years after the events of Plato’s The Apology, they perfectly correspond with what is perhaps the most noteworthy moment of the Plato’s text. The Apology is Plato’s recounting of Socrates’ trial, in which he faced charges of corrupting the youth, and believing in Gods different than the Gods of the state of Athens. In the trial, Socrates makes his argument as to why he should be found innocent of all the charges placed upon him. One of the most interesting arguments that Socrates makes in his defense is comparing himself to Achilles, the great Greek warrior from Homer’s The Iliad. He makes this comparison multiple times in his argument, and although it may seem like Socratic ir ony for the short, fat, philosopher to compare himself to a great Warrior, Socrates is completely serious in his comparison. He used a comparison between himself and Achilles as an analogy to represent his immense motivation to Philosophy. Achilles, living in an honor culture, was willing to die over what he believed was right, and Socrates was no different in that regard. After his service in war, Socrates dedicated his life to pursuing the many truths of the world. His reputation as a philosopher grew, and he soon discovered the Oracle ofShow MoreRelatedGreek Society vs. Socrates Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesto the God(s). Also in Greek society, there was a man named Socrates who’s opinion differed with his culture’s thoughts, and he constructed his own thoughts and beliefs of what characteristics a virtuous man should hold. Not only did Greek society have thoughts of what their virtuous man should be; Roman society did as well. All cultures have a belief of what a virtuous human is and it is described in four ways: in the home, at war, political life, and one’s relationship to the God(s). FirstRead MoreThe Greek Mythology : A Normative Critique1754 Words   |  8 PagesHeracles and the Heracleidae Some scholars believe that behind Heracles complicated mythology there was probably a real man, perhaps a chieftain-vassal of the kingdom of Argos. Some scholars suggest the story of Heracles is an allegory for the sun s yearly passage through the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Others point to earlier myths from other cultures, showing the story of Heracles as a local adaptation of hero myths already well established. Traditionally, Heracles was the son of Zeus

Swisher Mower - 1979 Words

Situation Audit Swisher Mower is a lawn and garden company that manufacturers lawn mowers in its plant in Warrensburg, Missouri. The company’s flagship product is the Ride King. In 1996, Swisher was approached by a national merchandise retailer offering to distribute Swisher’s standard mower under a private label. The retailer offered to distribute the product line, but included several stipulations that would change the Swisher’s distribution methods of its product. Sales within the industry are predominantly determined by changes within the economy. If the economy weakens, overall sales within the industry decrease. This cyclical effect can hinder or expand sales for a company, causing many companies to adjust their business strategies.†¦show more content†¦Wisher primarily distributes its mowers in farm supply stores and hardware stores located outside metropolitan areas. 75% of the company’s sales come from rural areas, while 30% of sales regenerated from who lesalers and 20% from dealer sales. Much of the company’s brand awareness comes from co-op advertising through all sources of media. Swisher’s target markets are the Midwest and Southeast, where the Ride King and their private label Big Mow are primarily distributed. The company focuses sales on consumers with over an acre of land, as well as farmers with several hundred acres. The Ride King has a distinct advantage over its competitors, since it is the only mower that has one front wheel that can turn the mower 360 degrees without shifting. As the economy improves, Swisher can take advantage of increasing sales by selling more of its mowers in large retailers. Its retail price would make it the cheapest product on the market. As other brands have distributed their mowers under private labels to the growing mass merchandisers, Swisher’s sales could be quickly depleted. In order for Swisher to fully compete, it must be able to gain market share on other private l abel brands. Many of its competitors have an advantage, because they use front engine mowers, while the Ride King does not. With other manufacturers selling their mowers in the same locations as Swisher, Swisher must create more brand awareness within urban areas by

The Younger Years of Grace Murray Hopper

Computer programming pioneer Grace Murray Hopper was born on December 9, 1906, in New York City. Her childhood and early years contributed to her brilliant career but also showed how she was a typical kid in many ways. She was the oldest of three children. Her sister Mary was three years younger and her brother Roger was five years younger than Grace. She fondly recalled the happy summers playing typical childhood games together at a cottage on Lake Wentworth in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire. Still, she thought that she took the blame too often for mischief the children and their cousins got into on vacation. Once, she lost her swimming privileges for a week for instigating them to climb a tree. Besides playing outdoors, she also learned crafts such as needlepoint and cross-stitch. She enjoyed reading and learned to play the piano. Hopper liked to tinker with gadgets and find out how they worked. At age seven she was curious about how her alarm clocked worked. But when she took it apart, she was unable to put it back together. She continued taking apart seven alarm clocks, to the displeasure of her mother, who limited her to taking apart just one. Math Talent Runs in the Family Her father, Walter Fletcher Murray, and paternal grandfather were insurance brokers, a profession which makes use of statistics. Graces mother, Mary Campbell Van Horne Murray, loved math and went along on surveying trips with her father, John Van Horne, who was a senior civil engineer for the city of New York. While it wasnt proper at that time for a young lady to take an interest in math, she was allowed to study geometry but not algebra or trigonometry. It was acceptable to use math to keep household finances in order, but that was all. Mary learned to understand the familys finances because feared her husband would die from his health problems. He lived to be 75. Father Encourages Education Hopper credited her father for encouraging her to step beyond the usual feminine role, have ambition and get a good education. He wanted his girls to have the same opportunities as his boy. He wanted them to be self-sufficient since he wouldnt be able to leave them much of an inheritance. Grace Murray Hopper attended  private schools in New York City where the curriculum focused on teaching girls to be ladies. However, she was still able to play sports at school, including basketball, field hockey, and water polo. She wanted to enter Vassar College at age 16 but failed the Latin exam, She had to be a boarding student for a year until she was able to enter Vassar at age 17 in 1923. Entering the Navy Hopper was considered too old, at age 34, to join the military after the attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the United States into World War II. But as a mathematics professor, her skills were a critical need for the military. While Navy officials said she should serve as a civilian, she was determined to enlist. She took a leave of absence from her teaching position at Vassar and had to get a waiver because she was underweight for her height. With her determination, she was sworn into the U.S. Navy Reserve in December 1943. She would serve for 43 years. Her younger years shaped her path to the computer programming legacy for which she is famous. Later in life, after her time in the Navy, she invented the Mark I Computer with Howard Aiken. Her early math talent, her education, and her Navy experience all played a role in her eventual career. Source and Further Reading Elizabeth Dickason, Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend in Her Own Time, The Department of the Navy Information Technology Magazine, 27 June 2011.

Don t Have A Goal - 1177 Words

Don’t have a â€Å"goal†, have a PLAN! Most of us have goals--whether personal or professional. But just having a goal won’t make it happen. What makes you achieve your goal†¦is planning. How many times have you told yourself you’d change something but it never really stuck? How many times have you promised yourself you’d make a point to do (or not do) something? As a freight broker, I’m sure you’ve thought about maybe expanding your office, reactivating old customers, shipping some LTL instead of all FTL, learning a new language, etc. Only to watch days, even months slip by and you’ve had zero progress in the areas you wanted to make changes. It happens to all of us. But, it doesn’t mean you weren’t serious about your goals or that they†¦show more content†¦So, to stay on track and keep our goals in sight, we need to regularly remember why we are doing the task and the meaning behind it. And last, the â€Å"How†. These are the new skills we need to practice, the classes we need to take, the new habits or the breaking of old ones that will get us to where we need to be. 2. SET SMALLER GOALS: Once you’ve firmly defined your goal (personal or professional, long or short term), you need to set smaller goals. For a professional goal, this might involve crafting a company mission statement. For a personal goal this might involve making a daily â€Å"To-Do† list. If you’re committing to a long-term goal like a 5-year plan, try breaking that down into yearly plans and then maybe into a 6-month or even monthly plan. Just be sure to review your plan regularly to make sure you’re keeping on course and in-line with your overall goal and adjust as needed. 3. STAY ON COURSE: Your success in achieving your goal lies mostly in this area. Like the saying goes, â€Å"You have to have skin in the game†. The â€Å"skin† of it lies in your efforts of day-to-day reviewing and managing of your progress and doing so will help you stick to your plan. Although it can seem daunting or tedious, tracking these individual steps are a definite necessity. To make this part of the process easier, you can use a journal or diary to record your progress. Even if you re always on the go, yep†¦there’s an App for that! There are countlessShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Credit Cards1167 Words   |  5 Pagespeople go into debt ? Credit card organizations don t just give people money because they want to be nice. Those companies count on people being forgetful or not responsible causing them to be late or not being able to pay off their debit. if you are late or it s just the matter that you don t have enough money to pay it off that month, then you will have to pay a fee. On top of that free their will be interest. So then you will have to end up paying more from what you actuallyRead MoreArticle Review On Being A Woman840 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle on Pinterest Expert Author Prudence F Franklin Do you worry that you have to give up your femininity in order to fit into the technical working world and be respected? Should you be one of the guys? If you do, will you get or lose respect? Or should you be the lady of the group, all feminine and motherly? My opinion is, you can be both feminine and assertive in your role without losing yourself. Many articles have been written about the dilemma of women in the workplace. Most conclude thatRead MoreArticle Report On Google s Article Article On 1087 Words   |  5 PagesReddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Justin P Kavanagh Let s face it, we ve all experienced times when we just don t feel motivated to workout when we know we should. 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With whichever option, you should include your work in the same Word file (.docx) as Part I and have clear labels for the four main areas:  problem, goal, plan, and test of measurability. #2 In Part One The problem When I talk to the girl I like I don t know when the right time and place is to ask her out. Goal To elimanate confusion I would like too propery express and convey my feelings. Plan I will reaserchRead MoreQuestions On How Other Staff Applications Have You Made, When Was Your Last Application Made?1410 Words   |  6 PagesIn-game username: Alejx Age: 14 Gender: Male Location and Timezone: UTC+8 (Australia, Perth) How many staff applications have you made, when was your last application made? None, first time applying for itsjerryandharry. How long have you been playing Minecraft? 2 years. [​IMG] How long have you been playing on the server? 1 year. How active are you on the Server? I m around 1-4 hours active depending the day. How active are you on the Forums? 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Puritan Women Free Essays

Rights for women In the Puritan community were very scarce. The women lacked rights because men were seen as superior to them. Even though men were the ultimate leaders of the Puritan community, women still played a vital role throughout their society. We will write a custom essay sample on Puritan Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the limited rights women possessed, they impacted the Puritan community in many ways. Puritan women had little to no rights back then; however, they did play an important role in the Puritan society through their everyday duties/ oleos, marriage, and religion. The duties and roles of the Puritan women differed from that of their husband’s. In the patriarchal lifestyle, where men were the head of the household, women transferred subordination from their father to their husband (Themes and Variations In Men’s and Women’s Roles In Colonial America). Women were not to challenge men, have a temper, or be Insubordinate to their husbands. Even though It was a patriarchy, husbands soul entrusted the women with a wide range of practical responsibilities and viewed them as â€Å"deputy husbands† (Religion, Women, and the Family in Early America). As a housewife, they were expected to fulfill various duties throughout the day. The major duties were made up of food and clothing production, childbearing, the health of the family, and child-rearing. Being a mother was the most important role for a Puritan woman. As a mother, women had direct authority over their children. It was the Puritan women’s responsibility to bring up the children of their society correctly. Religious piety, manners, discipline, and affection were a few of the many things that the women taught their children Childbirth and Motherhood). Through the act of child-rearing, women were able to gain social status based on their skill. Under a patriarchy, the Puritan women were still able to obtain and uphold particular rights. The deferent tasks that the women were expected to perform set them apart from the role of Puritan males. The privileges within marriage were different for women than they were for men. With marriage, harsh consequences followed along for the women. The legal person’s of women were completely subsumed under their husband’s identity (Westerners 4). Puritan women literally became the property of their husbands. Wealth was a major determinant in marriage. It was easier to marry off a woman with wealth because Puritan men were eager to marry for money. Without a great deal of dowry, women were not seen as desirable in the eyes of the men. In marriage, the severity of punishments for women was worse than the punishments for men. In the Puritan community, the act of adultery could be brought to court. If women were brought to court by their husbands on a charge of adultery they could be sentenced to the death penalty (Female Discontent). Hester Prone Is a prime example for how the courts treated women In the Puritan society. The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, descriptively describes one of the Puritan’s court orders for adultery. The the pillory platform, and then and thereafter, for the remainder of her life to wear a â€Å"mark of shame† upon her chest (Hawthorne 54). Even though men and women had incomparable rights in marriage, some common ground was trying to be attained. Religion encouraged affection, monogamy, and friendship within marriage (Marriage). The women of the Puritan community were viewed in a patriarchal manner through the eyes of religion. The structure of patriarchy was upheld within churches. Churches believed that women had to subject themselves to the authority of man. The Holy Scriptures preached about a husband – wife relationship (Westerners 14). The spirituality of Puritan women was shunned throughout churches. Every aspect of a woman had to be scrutinized by men. Churches deemed women incapable of understanding or interpreting the work of the Spirit in their own souls (Westerners 20). Theologians and religion had the same views of women. Theologians believed that woman courted heresy and blasphemy (Westerners 25). This resulted in the intellectual weakness of women religiously. In reaction to the criticizing from churches, women came together to discuss these matters. Anne Hutchinson, the leader of these discussions, encouraged the Puritan women to voice their religious opinions (Barber 1). In the end, the courts banished her from the colony for â€Å"wrongdoing,† and women continued to follow the subservient expectations of the Church and the Puritan community. The role of women in the Puritan society was one of limited to no rights. Women were inferior and subservient to their husbands. They were considered more to be property than person. Anything they owned became the property of their husband’s including them. The most important role of women in the Puritan community was that of wife and mother. Their only ability to gain social status was through successful child-rearing. Puritan women had no voice in their marriage or their religious worship. Even in legal matters, they were treated differently than men, especially when the women’s fidelity as questioned. The sentencing for Puritan women breaking the law could be severe as death. The Puritan society allowed women to fall off in most aspects, which led to their intellectual decrease in life. The life of Puritan women was very strict. There were only three areas in their life that held great importance: marriage, religion and children. Collectively and independently those three factors held great pride for Puritan women. Death was the only means of ending the continuous patriarchal cycle of their life. The women’s life and soul existence was commitment to the husband and family. How to cite Puritan Women, Papers

Lincoln Movie Reflection free essay sample

The movie, Lincoln, focused on the later years of the presidents life, when he was trying to pass the 13th amendment, which eradicated slavery. This time frame was important to the director because he couldnt possibly chronicle Lincoln entire life without rushing over details, and the abolition of slavery is one of what Lincoln is most remembered for. Oddly enough, many outside sources actually claim Abraham Lincoln to be racist. However, in the movie, Lincoln was depicted as a quiet, thoughtful man who respected African Americans. This could be seen in the opening cane, where he addressed a pair of black Union soldiers, acknowledging their service. His actions concerning their race beforehand were also reflected optimistically; one of these black soldiers respected Lincoln so highly he had the presidents Gettysburg address memorized by heart”a pair of white soldiers were just cut off from reciting it earlier so this black soldier picked off right from where they left. We will write a custom essay sample on Lincoln Movie Reflection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lincoln appeared touched by this, smiling before he returned to his usual pose: a thoughtful, solitary pose, which he assumed many times throughout the film. This indicated he was thinking, and he could think to himself anywhere”as long as he was mostly alone. That part was important in the movie. In the presence of others, he spoke confidently, always a story up his sleeve to package his ideas in, but when he was alone or with only a few people, Lincoln said little if not none at all, like the scenes where he was looking at old family pictures in the light of the fireplace by his sleeping son, and when he was alone in the big room beside his telegraph messengers, trying to put to words what he wanted to say. He thought this much because of the circumstances. The 13th amendment had to pass before the end of the war or support for it will drop. To him, its passing was Just as important as ending the war itself. He was anti-slavery and it was an opportunity to make the battles mean more than a bloody memory that he couldnt miss”suppose abolishing slavery slightly Justified it. But it was no easy task. He needed at least 12 votes to get it passed. In the movie, he went as far as bribing congressmen for votes. Envelopes ere sent somewhat-secretly and somewhat-forcibly to various congressmen as he and political allies such as Thatched Stevens met one on one with some personally, hoping to persuade a vote out of each. Sometimes, the encounter was bittersweet, like the one where Lincoln talked to a congressman who, out of a regretful tone, admitted his long grudge against blacks since the death of his brother by the hand of one. Others, the encounter was forceful, like the one where Stevens scared a congressman into switching into the Republican party. These actions were also questioned by skeptics, who claimed Lincoln never attempted such a thing. But, as a film, it was very good. Lincoln depiction, however controversial, was well-done in the perspective the movie decided to take, and the presidents struggles, motives and decisions were fleshed-out nicely. Even more, his quotes, personal life, and a haunting dream were all weaved in there, and much of those little scenes make the movie as memorable as the ones actually about the 13th amendment themselves. Lincoln Movie Reflection By gangly

The Poor Performance of the Employees and Organization

The Executive summary The CEO of the organization asked me to submit a report with recommendations on how my department could solve a number of problems within the organization.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Poor Performance of the Employees and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The objective of this report, therefore, is to articulate the problems affecting the performance of the organization and devise ways of solving them in order to get the organization back on performance excellence. My team employed a number of methods in the study. We used observation methods, camera surveillance, interviews and discussion. We identified the following problems: increased customer complaints, poor data entry and record keeping, generational groupings among the Baby Boomers, generation Y and X, dissatisfaction among the employees, stress among the employees, poor communication in the organization, high att rition rates in generation Y and X and a general lack of motivation among the employees. After a careful study of the origin of these problems, we decided on a few changes that, if implemented, would remedy the situation in the organization. The high rate of bureaucracy in the organization needs to be scrapped and replaced with a more liberal model which gives the employees and customers a priority over the organization. The rigid system of operation will also be neutralized with a more flexible approach than the existing one. Communication within the organization also needs to be improved, with the employees being involved in the decision making process. Communication among the employees will also be encouraged in order to avoid the existing stereotypes and suspicion. Motivation strategies will be instituted, with more concern given to employee needs and satisfaction. Non-cash incentives will be issued as rewards for good performance to employees and all employees will be treated f airly. Introduction Background: Our organization has been experiencing problems among the employees for some time now. This seems to have adversely affected its overall performance. This is reflected by the feedback we receive form our customers and the government. The employees have demarcated themselves into generational groups, each of which acts with suspicion of the other. This has bred a culture of hatred among the senior, middle and young employees, thus, the lack of effectiveness in the organization’s performance. The organization is highly bureaucratic and employees operate under rigid rules and procedures. This system breeds a system of controls and hierarchy which is detrimental to effective execution of tasks within the organization.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These have led to lack of motivation among the employees, almost grounding the organization ’s performance (Barrows and Powers, 2008). This creates the need to come up with mechanisms that will help contain the situation. Aims and scope: This report undertakes to investigate the reasons for the poor performance of the employees and organization in general. The report also recommends ways by which the problem can be dealt with and possibly eliminated. It will study into details the generational demarcations and the effect they have on employee performance. It will also take a critical look at the concept of bureaucracy and possibly recommend better procedures within the organization that will reduce the amount of bureaucracy (Galbraith, 1977) and (Schermerhorn et al, 2011). Discussion Data entry and record keeping There has been a rising concern by the government about poor service delivery of the organization to the public. This has led to a partial cut in funding of the organization by the government. Government auditors have been complaining of poor, untimely and inaccurate data entry into the books of the organization. My team investigated this matter by observing the accountants found out that they are largely to blame for the menace. The head accountant, who is a Baby Boomer, is quite aged and of poor health. Most of the time, he is away from work due to health complications. However, he cannot delegate his responsibilities to his assistants of generation X and Y. This is because he believes that they are not as qualified to handle the task and that they are not serious at work. The organization’s strict bureaucratic procedures also cannot allow these duties to be relegated to someone else apart from himself. There are some forms that have to await the government auditor’s signature for days and even weeks. All the work has to be piled up awaiting his return to office in order to be done. This explains the untimely entry of data. Another observation we made was that the conduct of the junior accountant staff is wanting. My t eam, in disguise, found out that the junior accountants, all belonging to generation Y, did not take their work seriously and with the caution it deserves. They listened to radio and engaged the social media during work. In one of the incidents, he gave my â€Å"man† a receipt with the wrong figure and did not realize to rectify this error.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Poor Performance of the Employees and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generation Y This is the generation of persons born between the 1970s and early 2000. This generation is generally characterized by increased use of and familiarity with the communication technology, media, digital technology and neoliberal approach to almost everything (Strauss and Howe, 1991) This explains why, in our observation, most of the younger staff broke most rules within the organization code of conduct. They seemed to be always at loggerh eads with the Baby Boomers arguing about the right thing to do in every circumstance. This explains the sharp division between the Baby Boomers and the generation Y. When interviewed about the sluggish nature of their working, the generation Y confessed that they did not find the organization objectives and mission fulfilling to their individual desire of growth and a feeling of self worth (Martin and Tulgan, 2001). Most of them were in the look out for other jobs and were willing and eager to leave immediately another job opportunity came up. They also said that the staff was biased against them. The much older employees and management were pointed out as the most biased. They treated them unfairly and did not give them a chance to explore their capabilities. They also found out that work in the organization was boring, applying same procedures quite repetitive, no creativity was allowed and there were strict timelines and reprimands by their superiors over petty mistakes. The empl oyees also spent most of their times in ‘exciting’ activities like listening to music and chatting in the social media as a way of eliminating the boredom. Generation X This is the generation born after the Baby Boomers from the early 1960s to 1980. They are defined as a group of people without identity, who face an uncertain, ill defined and hostile future. The older generations view generation x as reactive people who are more focused to money than anything else (Stephey, 2008). These employees, when interviewed, expressed concern that the management did not factor in their needs. Most of them were parents and needed time to be with their families. They left work for home earlier than the rest and were never willing to work overtime. Because of this, many fell out with the management for neglecting their duties and showing no real concern for responsibility at work.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This makes the employees feel that the management does not understand their needs. This has led to a negative attitude among these employees with the management. This has contributed to poor work relations and the entire performance of the organization. Baby Boomers This is the generation of persons born in the post war period of between 1946 and 1964. These come with privileges since most of them are brought up in the period when there is great affluence. They regard themselves as a special generation that values traditions and rules. This generation sharply contrasts generation Y who does not value traditions, and would be better off doing new things and applying new techniques at work. Because of this, the two groups seem to be in perpetual conflict with each other. The Boomers do not approve of most things that the generation Y does. They feel that they are lazy, spending most of their work time on activities that distract them from work. This, to them, is unethical of work and should not be allowed. The generation Y, on the other hand, feels that the Boomers do not like them, and are out to make their life at work difficult. Observations carried out in the study found Boomers and generation Y in consistent conflict and confrontations. At meetings, Boomers opposed almost all of generation Y suggestions, rubbishing them as childish. The Boomers are the only group that upheld the concept of bureaucracy, therefore, perceived by generations X and Y as frustrating their efforts at work and as responsible for the poor performance of the organization. Stress This was found to be a common feature for all employees. They are generally dissatisfied with the organization. While people in generation Y want a place where they can explore their talents further and exhibit their expertise, generation X want a place where the management can understand and provide for their needs, giving them ample time to tend to their families. The Boomers are fine with the organization procedures. However, they have a problem with their fellow employees, who they feel are antagonistic to work procedures, therefore, jeopardizing the performance of the organization. The management is facing a hard time while coordinating these employees who have divergent views and ideas about working. The generation X and Y view management as hostile towards them and not understanding their needs. Communication Communication in the organization is lacking. Most of the instances when employees talk, there is always confrontation and blame game. According to Fletcher and Major (2006), teams report greater team work and success rates at work when they work and communicate face to face. The media richness theory points out that communication in the work place increases the degree of effectiveness in the organization (Daft and Lengel, 1986.) In this organization, effective communication is lacking. Therefore, a lot of misunderstanding occurs among employees and with the management. This explains the high number of conflicts witnessed in the organization, with some employees not talking to each other t all (May and Mumby, 2005). The employees also feel left out in the decision making process. They are alienated in the formulation of work procedures. Their consent and suggestions for working procedures and suggestions for effective changes is never sought by management. Instead, rules of operation are imposed on them and they are expected to adjust and accommodate the rules and changes without opposition (Suh, 1999). Customer complaints This organization has for a long time maintained an effective customer feedback program. For some time now, we have been receiving negative feedback from our customers concerning the organization’s service delivery and customer care. Surveillance cameras were secretly put in places where employees interacted directly with customers. What we observed was a number of cases where the employees were rude to the customers. Some emp loyees take longer to attend to customers, while others engage in gossip with other employees or using their mobile phones. Some even get to the extent of sending the customers to the next available teller while they do nothing. It was noted that the employees discriminated against some customers. This was based on sex and looks. Most of our employees are women. They treated women customers rudely compared to the male customers. At the same time, customers who seemed highly sophisticated in terms of looks and dress were treated better than others. Conclusion This organization has been adversely affected by the bureaucratic mode of operation. Operations are carried out in a strictly rigid framework. When one component of the process is lacking, the whole process becomes paralyzed and nothing can be done to continue the process of operations. Another factor that is detrimental to the operations of the organization is the problem of communication. There is a general lack of communicati on among the workers and with the management. There is no instituted mechanism of solving conflicts among the employees and with management. Employees are also not able to freely express themselves, as they are not included in the decision making process or consulted on work procedures. They are treated as passive actors. Another problem within the organization is the problem of groupings and factions. The employees are divided into three distinct groups: the Baby Boomers, the Generation X and Y. These groups have demarcated themselves, with each group feeling superior to the others and downplaying the role the others play in the organization. This has led to a proliferation of conflicts among the employees and a lack of unity in achieving the organization goals. The final and most important factor lacking in the organization is motivation. The employees lack motivation and the reason to work well and effectively. They come to work late and only perform what they have to, without pu tting extra effort to do well or even better. The management seems to be lacking the right strategies to tackle these problems. It has remained hard on the employees without attempting to change their approach towards their needs, applying the right motivational strategies and understanding their needs. Recommendation After a careful analysis of these problems and reference to scholarly material, we came up with the following recommendations of what needs to be done in order to remedy the situation and get the organization back on performance excellence. Our recommendations were arrived at bearing in mind that there is a moratorium on employing of additional staff. Therefore, they are geared towards finding viable solutions that will work with the existing employees without laying any one of them off. Bureaucracy Customers view bureaucratic organizations as not aimed at satisfying their needs. The employees attribute this inefficiency to the idea that all policy is similar for all c ustomers. This organization is unresponsive to customers’ individual needs and situations. The policies of the organization are solely designed to benefit the organization and not the customers. It does not admit the mistakes it does, rather shifting the blame onto the customer. The organization is slow to innovativeness and reluctant to change, as dictated by time and events. They view the organizations products and services as inferior. Employees in such organizations are not enthusiastic about working in the organizations. They are not friendly and do not care much whether the customer is satisfied or not. In the organization, departments and employees do not cooperate to get the job done. The executives strive more for personal advancement and power. Promotions are made based on politics rather than merit. Information is hoarded and used as a basis for power. Mostly, the responsibility for failure is denied and the blame shifted to others, especially the junior employees. Bureaucracy is generally detrimental to organization’s effectiveness. It weakens employee morale and divides people within the organization setting each against the other. This misdirects their energy into conflict with one another and destructive competition that does not work to achieve the mission statement. Because of these inherent problems associated with bureaucratic model, we recommend that the model be scrapped and replaced with a more flexible and liberal model of operation. Employees should be allowed some freedom at work. They should be left to work without thorough supervision and compulsion by the supervisors. Procedures should be neutralized and simplified to allow for more relegation of duties and responsibilities. The clear cut demarcations between employee ranks should also be neutralized so that all employees feel equal and important to the organization despite their rank. Communication Most executives will agree that communication is an essential part for the success of the organization. Information should be clearly communicated to enhance role clarity for the employees. The problem of role clarity leads to stress, tension, anxiety, dissatisfaction, lack of job interest and lack of job innovation. In most bureaucratic organizations, information tends to flow downwards. It is unusual for information to take another route, like from the subordinate to the superior. Unfortunately, this organization falls under this framework, characterized with a rigidity of information flow. According to Leavitt (1958), one way communication is faster than two way communication channel. However, the latter is more accurate than the former and should be adopted. Differences in the organization should be taken seriously by allowing the other to speak openly and accept the possibility that the other’s perspective may override your own. I would therefore recommend that, the organization’s management introduces a system of openness in the pr ocess of decision making that involves all the employees, either wholly or in representation. Debates about various implementations should be carried out freely, with no intimidation or victimization of criticism. Among the workers, healthy communication should be encouraged and gossip discouraged. Workshops and seminars to enlighten the employees on the strength of diversity should be organized by the management. Through this, the employees will learn to appreciate one another and compliment each other. Motivation One of the roles of the manager is to get employees to do their job well. Rather than use of coercion, he should motivate employees to perform their duties voluntarily. An understanding and appreciation of human nature is vital to the process of motivation. Various theories like the theory Y by Douglas McGregor, two factor motivation hygiene theories by Fredrick Herzberg, Abraham Maslow’s theory Z hierarchy of needs and Elton Mayo’s experiments can be used. These theories generally posit that human beings should be treated with dignity and respect of all forms at workplace. Motivated employees are more productive and innovative. The inverse is true. As a result, I would recommend the following measures by management as a motivational strategy for the employees: The employees should be reinforced positively with high expectations of them by the management and customers. This way, they will feel self worth and motivated to uphold the high expectations. Discipline and punishment should be applied effectively, and by no means should it be applied in excess or unfairly, or used to coerce the employees. All employees must be treated fairly, without favoritism and discrimination on generation group or sex. Employee needs also need to be factored in at work and be met. Individual needs should be addressed with individual concern and given the right attention. Work related goals should be set, which when met, the employees are rewarded. The rew ards may not necessarily be financial but they could be holidays or trips (March and Simon, 1958). Theory Y In general, we recommend an approach of theory Y to the management of the organization. Employees are people who are ambitious and exercise self-control. They enjoy their physical and mental work. The management should support them on this basis. The organization should let them use their creativity in problem solving by applying their talents. They should develop trust among the employees by communicating freely with subordinates. Decision making should be done with the involvement of both the subordinates and their seniors. Reference List Barrows, C. W. and Powers, T., 2008. Introduction to Management in the Hospitality Industry. Hoboken: John Willey and Sons. Daft, R. L. and Lengel, R. H., 1986. Organizational Information Requirements, Media Richness and Structural Design. Management Science, 32(5), 23-57. Fletcher, T. D., and Major, D. A., 2006. The Effects of Communicatio n Modality on Performance and Self-ratings of Team Work Components. Journal of computer mediated communication, 11(2), 15-18, article 9. Galbraith, J., 1977. Organization Design. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Leavitt, H., 1958. Managerial Psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press March, J. G. and Simon, H. A., 1958. Organizations. New York: Wiley. May, S. and Mumby, D. K., 2005. Engaging Organizational Communication Theory and Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Schermerhorn, J., Davidson, P., Poole, D., Simon, A., Woods, P., and Chau, S. L., 2011. Management Foundations and Applications-value pack. New York: Wiley. Stephey, M. J., 2008. Gen-x: The Ignored Generation time? New York: Wiley. Strauss, W. and Howe, N., 1991. Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584-2069. New York: William Morrow and Company. Suh, K. S., 1999. Impact of Communication Medium on Task Performance and Satisfaction: an Examination of Media-Richness Theory. New York: Cengage Learning. Tul gan, B and Martin, C. A. (2001). Managing Generation Y: Global citizens born in the  late seventies and early eighties. Harvard: New York Times. This report on The Poor Performance of the Employees and Organization was written and submitted by user Kimberly Kent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Discover the Art Essay Sample to Learn More About Painting Techniques

Discover the Art Essay Sample to Learn More About Painting TechniquesThere are many different reasons for taking an art essay sample or essay as a college or university assignment. A lot of students like to get ideas for their portfolios and paintings, so they can have an excuse to buy expensive painting supplies. Others simply want to learn more about the various types of painting techniques and how these styles are used in each category.Art schools usually have a few possible resources that they will recommend to you. You will also find that there are many magazines and newspapers that may also have art essay samples on hand. If you're not sure where to begin, the most common reason for taking a composition is to learn about how to make art, and since you've taken this art writing course, you are already aware of the various elements and tools of painting.Students typically take this art writing course because they are familiar with the basics of art. If you would like to be able t o write in a style that speaks to other people as well as to yourself, you must begin to understand how artists use their paint and brushes. This would not only benefit you when it comes to painting but it would also help you understand what makes art beautiful.A good example of an art essay sample can be found in art books. The art books that contain writing by professional painters should contain more than one essay. Some of the pieces may be written by several different artists in collaboration. These essays will give you a chance to read from different perspectives, to view art from different parts of their career, and to see what kinds of ideas were used to create the art you are studying today.One of the most common topics in writing about painting is the lighting aspect of the painting. Some of the better writers write essays on the various types of lighting that artists use, as well as the variety of techniques that are used in creating these lighting effects. If you are a n ew painter and haven't experimented with the different types of lighting techniques, you might be intimidated by how difficult it can be to understand a painting that has poor lighting. By reading about lighting techniques and using the photos as examples, you'll gain an understanding of how lighting can affect the painting as well as how to improve your lighting technique in order to create better results.When you write a composition about painting, you'll learn to take the different elements that contribute to making a painting, and you'll be able to add your own creative thoughts. You'll learn about color theory, perspective, shadows, lighting, and blending. If you can figure out how to get more mileage out of these theories, you'll be able to improve your overall painting skill.You might want to research some of the famous painters that had more than one type of painting technique and use their writing to get a broader perspective on the different techniques that are used. You'l l learn about light, the subject, and the medium, so you'll be better able to understand what you need to do to the painting before you can consider painting through light. If you understand what is going on inside of the canvas, you'll be able to visualize how light affects the subject and how to design the painting around these factors.If you're already enrolled in an art writing course, one of the best choices you can make is to browse the samples of paintings that have been inspired by the writer's writing. You'll find several different examples that you can study at your leisure and learn from. This is a great way to learn about all the different styles of painting and how to apply them to your own paintings.

Decision to Get an MBA

Decision to Get an MBA Introduction Enrolling for an MBA requires one to invest a lot of time and resources. Therefore, people are very careful to find out if enrolling for this program is beneficial to them. This paper will deal with the issues that surround one’s decision to get an MBA.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decision to Get an MBA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Raising and countering objections regarding the decision to get an MBA Studying MBA helps one to think like a business leader since it helps one be aware of the complex issues in the business world, and how to deal with these issues. The program enables one to have business skills that are essential in running a business successfully. Additionally, one acquires soft skills. These include skills such as leadership and inter-personal skills. These are some of the important skills that a leader should have to be able to run a business successfully (Robbins Judge, 2011). An MBA is an important tool that helps one in the development of their career. Enrolling for this program helps one to get skills that lead to new opportunities. One is also able to have access to many senior positions that were out of reach previously. Once a person has done an MBA, there are many professional possibilities at their disposal. These include changing careers and promotions in the current career. A person who has earned an MBA is also viewed by the employer as one who is able to handle challenges. Studying MBA may usher one into new levels in their careers. Getting a promotion in senior levels translates to an increase in one’s salary. Better compensation is motivating to many people and every one seeks to earn a good salary. It is estimated that people who have an MBA earn an average of 66,500 dollars annually (Study2u.com, 2011). After graduating with an accredited MBA, one guaranteed of a salary increment in their place of work. Getting a salary incre ment is one of the major reasons that people choose to enroll for an MBA program. A recent study shows that 70% of the people who enroll for an MBA program choose the program because they want to access new opportunities, which lead to better remuneration. Another study shows that 70% of the people who have graduated with MBA work in senior positions, such as board directors (Study2u.com, 2011). Others also work as senior managers and other high ranking positions. MBA is a program that is recognized globally. Therefore, people who have an accredited MBA can work anywhere in the world. One is free to look for opportunities in countries abroad, which may offer a better package than the locally based companies. Studying MBA is beneficial to people who do not have a business background. The program helps in giving such people practical knowledge in the area of business. This knowledge is very useful because they are able to operate in the field of business administration just like peopl e who have a business background. Studying an MBA also offers one an opportunity to change from one career to another.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More MBA provides a person with competitive advantage over others because people who go through the program acquire leadership skills that make them competitive and qualified leaders. These are the leadership qualities, which are acquired from studying an MBA, which most companies look for when hiring people in higher management positions (Nickels, McHugh McHugh, 2010). An MBA program has topics which teach people how to start their own businesses. This helps one to be independent instead of only thinking about being employed. People who go through the program are provided with hands-on training that helps them deal with real life challenges in the business world. Therefore, the program helps in molding independent business entrep reneurs, who are able to run their businesses successfully. How raising and countering objections has helped inform my own decision to get an MBA and the reason(s) I have decided to go back to school According to Hoch, Kunreuther Gunther (2001), there is a variation in human behavior when it comes to making choices. The choices that one makes are influenced by certain factors. My decision to choose MBA was also influenced by certain factors. By understanding the importance of an MBA in the contemporary world, I have been able to unearth the truths and the lies being peddled around about this program. I have been able to understand that it is one of the most enriching and informative programs that one can enroll in. it is a program that can accommodate people from all fields without one having to struggle to understand the concepts being taught. Moreover, the benefits that one gets after completion are numerous, making it an investment that is worth. I have, therefore, decided to go back to school to study an MBA because I want to progress in my career. I want better remuneration as I work in high ranking position locally or abroad. Additionally, the skills I will get will enable me to start my own business enterprise in future. I am sure I will be able to run the enterprise successfully because I will already have the entrepreneurial skills that are necessary. The sources that I selected are credible because the authors of the books and the articles are people with vast experience in the areas they have written about. Conclusion MBA should be the choice for anyone who desires to advance in their career, change their career or start their own business. It is a very enriching program to people who have a business background and those who do not have any background in business. Reference List Hoch, J., Kunreuther, C., Gunther, E. (2001). Wharton on making decisions. New York, NY: Wiley.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decision to Get a n MBA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nickels, G., McHugh, M., McHugh, M. (2010). Understanding business. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Robbins, P. Judge, A. (2011). Organizational behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Study2u.com. (2011). Benefits of studying an MBA the advantages of an MBA for your  Career. Web.

Wend and Wind

Wend and Wind Wend and Wind Wend and Wind By Maeve Maddox A reader questions the use of wind (rhymes with kind) in the following notation on the website of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA): After expediting your arrival and clearing you to the ramp, ATC has one last function. They will fill out a mandatory occurrence report (MOR), which will wind its way to a flight standards district office (FSDO) where it will be assigned to an inspector. Says the reader, I had always thought, and still believe, that the correct word is wend, not wind, although the former does imply a winding course. Please comment. Both verbs, to wend and to wind, have been with us since Old English times: wendan verb: to turn, direct. windan verb: to plait, curl, twist Wend has been used with different meanings of turn, such as â€Å"to translate/turn a text from one language to another,† but it has retained the connotation of the kind of turning involved in travel or the movement of a river. In Old English, wind had additional meanings such as whirl, brandish, swing, fly, leap, etc. The word is frequently seen in lively descriptions of Old English battle scenes. Its most common use now is to convey the idea of twisting. As we’re discussing wend and wind, I’ll mention a similar verb form, went. Like wend and wind, the verb go existed in Old English. Its past tense was eode. The form went belonged to the verb wendan. Speakers tended to mix up the past of wend with the past of go. In time, eode was replaced by went as the simple past of go. The past of wend became wended. The original past participle form of go (gan) remains with us as gone. In modern usage, wend is used chiefly in the sense of making one’s way, especially in an unhurried manner by an indirect route. It’s used literally and figuratively. Here are examples of recent usage: This was a four-month trek that began in London and  wended  its way through Central  Europe  and on to the Middle East.   We adjourned soon after the first ballet, and  wended  our way back to the restaurant, where supper was already awaiting us. Just before the troops arrived, a federal judge blocked key components of SB 1070 from going into effect as scheduled, and the case seems sure to wend its way ultimately to the U.S. Supreme Court. Even if you dont live near the  sea, much of the run-off from your garden ends up down the drain, which  wends  its  way  down to the  sea  eventually. Wind, with its past tense wound, is used in a similar way to describe a convoluted and slow course of movement, as in these examples: Mules and donkeys strung together in groups of five  wound their way down the mountain  toward the river.   A bill is currently winding its way through the U.S. Congress to give Europeans the right to legal redress. The case eventually wound its way  to the Supreme Court where Ginzburg lost on a  5-4 decision in 1966, ultimately serving eight months in prison. I  saw  their gaunt  figures wind down  the valley, and  watched  them till they disappeared in  the distance.   The Awash River winds down  from the mountains through deep gorges to the plain. My answer to the reader’s question is that either wind or wend works in the context of a report making its slow way to the appropriate office. I’d be hard-pressed to formulate a rule for when to use wend and when to use wind. I think that if I wished to emphasize the leisureliness and intentionality of the movement, I’d choose wend. To emphasize sinuousness and obstruction, I’d choose wind. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)What is Dative Case?Writing Styles (with Examples)

Chemistry of Hazardous Materials Case Study Essay

Chemistry of Hazardous Materials Case Study - Essay Example three main illustrations explain that the tanker is transporting hazardous substance that can negatively affect the health and safety of the safety workers and the members of the public. Hazardous material is considered substances, which potentially damage the well being and health of individuals and also the environment. The hazardous substance in the case is in liquid form; this is illustrated through the dripping liquid, from the tanker valve, that is red to yellow in color. Liquid hazardous materials have identifiable characteristics. They are flammable; hence, they ignite easily and burn rapidly if exposed to ignition source. The materials can also be spontaneously ignitable. This implies heat concentration due to oxidation and microbial activities can ignite the material. Corrosive liquid materials damage skin tissues during contact. Toxic characteristics are applicable to substances that cause negative health effects and even death of the individuals exposed to it. DOT provides guidelines for transporting the hazardous materials. The liquid being transported in the case is Thionyl Chloride. The color of this liquid is red to yellow. The NFPA diamond symbol for the liquid is 4, 0, 2 and W that is slashed. The symbol implies that; the substance reacts violently with water, and hence safety caution should be observed by the health and safety team. The action plan for handling the accident situation entails adequate health and safety planning by the professional team. The team should start by ensuring public safety by protecting the accident scene. Members of the public should not be within close proximity to the accident scene. This measure prevents corrosion and irritation effects that people may experience. The safety personnel should wear protective equipments when accessing the accident scene. The safety materials include; special clothing and gas masks. The gas masks prevent the inhalation of harmful fumes that may irritate the respiratory tract. The

Involvement and Young Adults Sexual Health Knowledge Article

Involvement and Young Adults Sexual Health Knowledge - Article Example Particular emphasis has been placed on social media artifacts because they are so heavily used by adolescents and young adults. In addition, individuals within this age group receive a large amount of their information from such sources. Prior to this study, researchers viewed the social media as negatively impacting the sexual decisions of young adults. Although there is the valid support for this supposition, the authors of this article suggest there may also be some positive effects of social media artifacts on this population. These effects include educating young adults about sexually transmitted diseases and offering the possible outcomes of premarital sex. Pointedly, the authors state that the majority of earlier research concentrated solely on the television as the primary source of information—there was no focus on magazines. Due to the broad range of sexual topics discussed in modern day magazines that are read by young adults, researchers postulate that these magazines may assist young adults with making decisions about sex such as discussing contraception options with a partner or choosing to refrain from sexual activity until marriage. Consequently, it can be correlated that an increase in magazi ne reading may lead to an increase in condom/contraceptive and more positive decisions concerning sexual health. Therefore, this article aims at understanding how magazines serve as constructive sources of information and enable young adults to make informed decisions about their sexual health. Throughout Studies 1 and 2, the authors hypothesized that â€Å"because of the coverage of sexual health issues in magazines †¦ reading certain genres of magazines (women’s lifestyle, teen, and men’s lifestyle) would be positively correlated with sexual health knowledge, safe-sex self-efficacy, safe-sex intentions, and contraceptive use† (p. 287).

New Labours Traditional Family Values in Policy

New Labours Traditional Family Values in Policy In Comparison to the Thatcher Government, in what ways does New Labour try to bring back traditional family values through policy and legislation? Abstract The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate and compare the way in New Labour is trying to bring back traditional family values through policy and legislation with the ways in which the Thatcher government had tried to do so. As will be explained and analysed there are some similarities and indeed some profound differences between the objectives and the methods of New Labour and the Thatcher governments. As will be analysed in great depth both the Thatcher government and New Labour government came to power with wide-ranging visions of how they wished to transform the politics, the economy, and the society of Britain. The Thatcher government’s attempts to bring back traditional family values through policy and via legislation will be evaluated first, in order to examine the extent to which its objectives succeeded or if those objectives failed. Arguably, the Thatcher government had a massive impact upon the social, economic, and the political make up or infrastructure of Britain, even if not always in the ways that it had intended, or had hoped for. The Thatcher government also discovered that the consequences of their policy decisions could be contradictory, rather than complimentary to the primary objectives of the legislation that they passed. The latter parts of the dissertation will concentrate upon the transition of the Labour party away from its traditional economic and social policies into New Labour and how, that transition affected its policies and objectives. New Labour was a reinvention of the Labour party designed to regain power after 18 years in the political wilderness. Traditionally, the Labour party had regarded the promotion of social ownership of the means of production (the infamous clause four of its constitution); and the provision of generous benefits by the welfare state for those in need as sacrosanct policy areas. Labour governments had used progressive taxation and high public sector borrowing to pay for high social policy expenditure if that was needed. Those were the policies mainly used to maintain or bring back traditional family values by all previous Labour governments. New Labour, as will be demonstrated, turned away from the concepts of increasing levels of social ownership, and set limits for the use of progressive taxation and increasing public sector borrowing, whilst promising to reform the welfare state. The combination of these measures was intended to focus help on to those people that needed help the most. It also arguably, gives cause to debate whether New Labour is driven by its ideological principles; or if it is driven by the more selfish desire to obtain and subsequently retain governmental office. After all, as any self-respecting politician will tell anybody willing to hear them, it is no good having a vision of transforming society if there is no political office or power to do anything about enacting that vision. Certainly before winning the general election of 1997 New Labour emphasised its intention to bring back traditional family values through policy and where it was considered to be necessary through legislation. As a party New Labour committed itself to improving public services, fighting crime, and a host of other measures to make Britain a better place to live in. Also to be discussed is New Labour’s policies and legislation upon human rights and equality for all, that in many respects goes beyond bringing back traditional family values. Whilst politicians are generally in agreement over the need for traditional family values, they differ as to the best policies and if needs be the best legislation to restore, promote, or protect traditional family values. Differences over the best ways to achieve traditional family values are influenced by differing ideological approaches, as well as different understandings of human nature. Governments do not only rely on policy and legislat ion to achieve or at least aim to achieve their objectives. Governments try to influence the public through official statements, press and television articles, as well as presenting its objectives to the public as frequently as possible. The public of course does not have to be persuaded by the influence, policy, and legislation of any government. Indeed the public can affect the policy and legislation that governments adopt by voting those governments in and out of office at every general election. The media has a great deal of influence in its own right when it comes to the moral attitudes and acceptable standards of behaviour that the British public hold. All are issues and influences upon the restoration or promotion of traditional family values will be evaluated. Introduction Before evaluating and analysing the ways in which New Labour and the Thatcher governments aimed to bring back bring traditional family values, it would be best to define what is meant by traditional family values. Usually traditional family values are considered to be the promotion of long lasting marriages, bringing up children to be well behaved and law abiding, and educating everybody to respect law and order. Traditional family values are also linked with a religious or moral upbringing, yet it can also encompass people being responsible for providing for their own financial and social welfare through working hard and saving, as well as taking responsibility for their own actions. Traditional family values were linked in public perceptions to Victorian times, the majority of people may now be materially better off yet their sense of morality, and the willingness to accept traditional family values has declined noticeably (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p.42). In the British conte xt the religious influences upon traditional family values had been predominately Christian in their origins. The dominant family values in Britain have been altered by different factors since the 1960s. The belief in Christian values has declined due to the processes of secularisation and liberalisation, changing social attitudes arguably helped by changes in fashion and media coverage. Family values are also different due to the immigration of people into Britain with different religious faiths such as Islam, and Hinduism (Modood, 2005, p.192). Different religious beliefs mean that although non-Christians often have a strong sense of morality and an understanding of how to behave, those moral values are similar yet not necessarily the same as traditional family values as they are perceived (Forman Baldwin, 1999, pp. 10-11). British governments, assuming that they have a sufficient Parliamentary majority are generally able to carry out policy objectives and pass legislation as they feel necessary, or, to keep to the pledges they made in their party manifestos during the previous general election campaigns. The power and the authority held by British governments to carry out their policies is great, and the vast majority of the population accepts the legislation passed through Parliament. However, it is under the assumption that the government can be voted out at the next general election if the majority of voters are unhappy with its performance, or achievements. Much harder to define or evaluate can be the influence that governments have upon people’s beliefs and behaviour. Parties win general elections sometimes because they are the least unpopular party, rather than because they are the most popular. Voters can be as pragmatic or as cynical as the politicians that they vote for or against, they vote for the party that makes them better off, as much as the party that wants to influence or potentially change their beliefs and behaviour (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, pp 4 –5). Now attention is turned to the discussion of how differing ideological, or political beliefs have influenced the Thatcher and New Labour governments into making policy and legislation that affects social policy in Britain. The classical liberal approach to traditional family values was that governments should not intervene in social matters just as they should keep economic interventions down to an absolute minimum. The classical liberal approach regarded the role of governments as being strictly limited to providing legislation when required, and limited educational, law and order, and national defence facilities or services. The moral, religious, and social values may have been Christian yet that was just by historical chance. Classical liberal thinkers such as John Locke argued that the government should tolerate diversity and allow its people to act in anyway they wanted that did not contravene national laws (Lacey, 2006, p.7). For classical liberals, governments should have gone no further than regulating workplace safety and regulating the Poor Law administration. The teaching of traditional family values was down to churches (or other religious institutions), schools, and individual family groups themselves (Eatwell Wright, 2003 p. 36). The ideas of classical liberalism would re-emerge from the 1960s in the guise of neo-liberalism and would have the most influence in Britain upon the government that was led by Margaret Thatcher between May 1979 and her removal from office in November 1990. The Major government that held office from 1990 through to 1997 was regarded as being less dogmatic and more pragmatic than its immediate predecessor was, though conversely placing a greater emphasis on individual morality and standards of behaviour (Eatwell Wright, 2003, p. 287). Another strand of liberal political ideology emerged at the beginning of the 20th century that favoured a higher level of government intervention in social and economic matters. This ‘new’ liberalism was responsible for the first moves towards establishing the welfare state in Britain. The new Liberals regarded poverty as being the largest single threat to traditional family values, as well as being socially divisive. Poverty often led families into the dreaded workhouses that separated parents from their children, and then parents from each other. Poverty in other words could stop people from caring for each other, it stopped relatives being cared for, and prevented people looking after themselves. The workhouse was, according to the new liberal ideological perspective, the biggest breaker of families, something that grinding poverty did not always achieve (Moran, 2005, p. 28). The introduction of Labour Exchanges, national insurance, which paid small amounts of unemplo yment benefit, and limited old age pensions may have done little to reverse poverty, yet it heralded greater levels of government intervention in social and economic affairs, especially after Labour’s landslide election victory in 1945. All those new Liberal reforms were intended to preserve family units, as unemployment, underemployment, and old age were all factors that made people poor, and put them in the workhouse, or drove them towards committing crimes to make money. Had the British economy been stronger during the inter-period then the limited welfare state of the Liberals might have been extended earlier. There were limited extensions such as the development of council houses and some free health care for the poorest families (Eatwell Wright, 2003 p.38). The Liberal party itself appeared to be in a virtually terminal decline after the First World War with its former supporters either switching their votes to the Conservatives or the Labour party. Conversely it would be variations of liberal ideology that have arguably had the most political, social, and economic influence upon post-war Britain and the values that British government aimed to promote through policy and legislation. New Liberalism had a pronounced influence upon the welfare state and Keynesian economic policies pursued from 1945 through to the late 1970s, particularly under the auspices of the Beveridge Report and the wish to avoid mass unemployment on the scale of the 1930s. New Liberalism also influenced the decision of British governments to accept changing social attitudes by changing policy and passing legislation to recognise the slackening hold of traditional family values. The use of Keynesian economics was lessened during the Callaghan government as it was forc ed into accepting a loan from the International Monetary Fund, and had to reduce public spending before that loan was made available. Of course, it was the revival of neo-liberal ideology that strongly influenced the Thatcher government and meant that the New Labour government had to take power in radically different social and economic circumstances than the Labour governments of the 1970s had faced (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p. 54). In contrast, the Conservative ideological perspective often placed a greater emphasis upon the promotion and the respecting of traditional family values, either to protect property or to maintain social stability. Conservative politicians in Britain regarded themselves as being the party that maintained law and order better than any other political party, to protect social stability, and strengthen national unity (Eatwell Wright, 2003, p. 51). The Conservative party was the party that usually claimed to be the guardian of traditional family values. The Conservative party had strong links with the Church of England. Indeed, sometimes people referred to the Church of England as being the Conservative party at prayer. As such the Conservative party took a negative view about human nature that helps to explain its tougher stance on law and order issues (Jones et al, 2004, p. 155). Unlike the classical Liberals, the Conservatives were prepared and remain prepared to actively change gover nment policy, and enact legislation if that was needed to protect traditional family values. Previous Conservative governments in Britain have passed both restrictive and liberalising legislation when they have considered such actions to be justified by present circumstances. Conservatives have been repressive, regressive, or liberal in character at different times (Eatwell Wright, 2003, p. 54). There was a strong paternalistic streak in the British Conservative party, which has sometimes dominated the party, and at other times has had very little influence over the party’s policies when in government. The paternalistic streak has not always gone well with other ideological influences within the party that have been opposed to intervening in society or the economy. For instance, compare the ideological beliefs of Harold MacMillan, or Anthony Eden with Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher did not like the paternalistic ‘One Nation Tories’, and instead attempted to transfo rm British society (Moran, 2005, p. 28). The Labour party was created specifically to further the interests of the working classes, as such the only traditional family values it wished to protect, promote, or bring back were those that it believed would benefit the working classes. The Labour party was committed to the social ownership of the means of production, and the introduction of extensive welfare, and social security provision. Not only would these measures improve social equality, they would reduce poverty, and make British society better by making it fairer for all. The Labour party was also a political party that was moderate and gradualist in its approach to achieving social, economic, and political reforms. The decline of the Liberal party allowed Labour to become the second main political party in Britain and even form a government in 1924. The first Labour government was only a minority administration, and was therefore unable to achieve much (Wilson, 2005, p. 252). The second Labour government elected in 192 9 had a parliamentary majority, yet its time in office was blighted by the onset of the Great Depression. The party was divided by Ramsey Mac Donald’s decision to cut unemployment benefits, and the introduction of other austerity measures that made the affects of unemployment worse for many of the people that Labour was supposed to help (Wilson, 2005, p. 285). Labour got its big chance to profoundly alter British social and economic policies as a result of the wartime feeling that something should be done to make Britain a fairer and less poverty stricken place to live in. Labour fully backed the proposals of the Beveridge Report and introduced a comprehensive welfare state and reaped its sensational electoral benefits in 1945 (Lacey, 2006, p. 260). The Labour party managed to achieve its social and economic aims during the Atlee governments of 1945 through to 1951. Its objectives were achieved with the introduction of a comprehensive welfare state, the National Health Service (NHS), and increased educational opportunities. To banish the possibility of mass unemployment on the scale of the 1930s, industries were nationalised and Keynesian demand side economic policies were pursued. From the Labour party’s perspective Britain’s traditional family values should have been protected or even promoted by declining levels of poverty, better health care provision, and higher levels of educational achievement. The welfare state and the NHS seemed to be safe as the Conservatives accepted the vast majority of Labour’s reforms (Fisher, Denver, Benyon, 2003, p. 11). In fact, the Conservative Party enjoyed considerable success in the 1950s as the British electorate trusted them to leave the welfare state and public servi ces untouched, whilst successfully managing Keynesian economics to make people financially better off (Sandbrook, 2005 p. 51). Until the late 1960s it seemed that British governments had managed to achieve strong economic growth, an effective welfare system, and a high degree of social harmony. The period also introduced legislation that liberalised British society, for instance the legalisation of homosexuality, abortion, and the abolition of the death penalty. Legislation was also passed that made it easier to get divorced. However, there were to be social, economic, and political developments that loosened the post-war political consensus. The loosening of that post-war consensus began with deteriorating economic growth and social changes, developments that would eventually lead to the emergence of Margaret Thatcher as a politician that was determined to radically alter the political, social, and economic fabric of Britain (Forman Baldwin, 1999, p. 11). It was not just Britain’s relatively poor economic performance that Margaret Thatcher wished to tackle; she wanted to tackle the political, social , and economic decline of Britain. Margaret Thatcher wished to reverse what she considered to be the harmful social and economic consequences of decline fostered by the liberalisation of moral values caused by the legislation of the 1960s and the changes in social attitudes that occurred during the same period (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p. 42). On the other hand, New Labour wished to regain power by gaining the votes of people that had previously voted for the Thatcher and Major governments, whilst retaining the support of their loyal Labour supporters. Traditional Labour party supporters had not supported the party because it claimed to protect or restore traditional family values; instead they believed that a Labour government would make them better off, and British society fairer. However, traditional Labour voters had been reduced in numbers by the reduction in the size of heavy industries and the Thatcher government’s economic policies such as the sell off of council housing and privatisation (Fisher, Denver, Benyon, 2003 p. 12). The combination of changing social and economic trends, the privatisation policies of the Thatcher government, as well as party in-fighting had condemned the Labour party to four consecutive general election defeats. The Labour Party had expected to win the 1992 general election, altho ugh the Major government managed to get re-elected by scrapping the poll tax (Jones, 1999 p.1). New Labour might not have emerged at all if John Smith had not died leading to Tony Blair becoming the party leader, and going on to reorganise the Labour Party, reshaping its policies, and its image in order to gain power (Seldon Kavanagh, 2005 p. 5). Whilst New Labour emphasised that it would no longer pursue traditional Labour party economic policies, it would stress that it was keen to make British society fairer than it had been during the Thatcher and the Major governments. New Labour stressed that it stood for fairer social values, for instance actively trying to encourage the acceptance of cultural diversity, or promoting gay and lesbian rights (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p. 397). New Labour shifted its economic policies to the right first, then moved its social policies in a similar direction (Moran, 2005, p. 28). Tony Blair and New Labour stressed that once in power it would help to bring back traditional family values by being tough on crime by tackling its social and economic causes (Seldon Kavanagh, 2005, p. 6). New Labour has also pledged to reform welfare provision, the NHS, and the education system to improve performance and reduce social exclusion. New Labour wanted to restore what it considered to be traditio nal family values through policy and legislation, yet with the emphasis being different from the emphasis of the Thatcher government in rhetoric if not in substance (Jones, 1999, p. 2). All governments have to be aware of the public scrutiny that they may have to endure, through Parliament, through media coverage and speculation, as well as been observed by the general public. The government of the day can have its policy and legislation objectives overturned and jeopardised by adverse publicity or media revelations. The media is very useful for the government to sell its policies and pieces of legislation to the electorate yet no government can expect favourable media coverage all of the time and sensible governments will try to manage media coverage to get the best results. The Thatcher and New Labour governments took media management techniques seriously for their periods in office although that has not guaranteed that they will succeed in making all their policy and legislation succeed, whether or not it was meant to restore traditional family values (Jones, 1999, p. 52). Chapter One – The Thatcher government and returning back to traditional family values This chapter will deal with the subject of the Thatcher government and its attempts of returning to traditional family values through policy and legislation. Margaret Thatcher broke the mould of the average Conservative party leader, and it was not simply because she was the first woman to gain that position. Although the Conservatives had been stung by the size of their election defeat in 1945, they had soon recovered to regain power by 1951 (Wilson, 2005, p.484). Successive Conservative leaders from Winston Churchill, Anthony Eden, Harold MacMillan, and Alec Douglas Hume had accepted the post-war political, economic and social consensus established after 1945 (Sandbrook, 2005, p.51). It had been Margaret Thatcher’s immediate predecessor as Conservative leader, Edward Heath that had first attempted to overturn the post-war consensus through the adoption of the Selsdon programme. As Education secretary, Margaret Thatcher was part of the Heath government that eventually returne d to Keynesian economic policies, due to trade union opposition, and the desire to increase economic growth to prevent unemployment levels going past one million (Fisher, Denver Benyon, 2003, p.11). The Heath government would fall victim to increasing trade union opposition that led to the three day week, whilst Heath’s defeat in both general elections of 1974 meant that leading Conservatives were looking for alternative policies and a new leader with a different approach to the discredited Heath. Margaret Thatcher decided to stand for the party leadership and succeeded in displacing Heath. After she became Conservative leader, her differing ideological outlook from her post-war predecessors started to emerge. Thatcher’s right wing rhetoric, no nonsense leadership style, her forthright messages, and obvious sense of nationalism struck the right chords with the British electorate during the late 1970s (Eatwell Wright, 2003, p. 160). Margaret Thatcher was determined to restore the electoral fortunes of the Conservative and then went on to revive the ailing British economy by fundamentally altering social, economic, and political attitudes within the country. Thatcher believed that Britain needed to radically overhaul its social and economic policies to reverse economic decline and social decadence. The medicine that Thatcher prescribed to cure Britain of its social and economic woes was the adoption of neo-liberal economic policies and a return to traditional family values. According to neo-liberal economists such as Hayek and Friedman, Keynesian economics and extensive welfare states like Britain’s after 1945 were socially and economically detrimental. Thatcher had been introduced to these concepts by one of her closest advisors, Sir Keith Joseph, and she saw them as the solution to Britain economic decline and social degradation (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p. 54). The welfare state removed the incent ive to work, or the incentives to reduce the size of families, whilst providing adequate standards of living for those that were work shy or content to have children outside of marriage and long term relationships. The pursuit of Keynesian economic policies had increased the power of trade unions whilst restricting the efficiency of both public and private sector enterprises. Thatcher argued that excessively high rates of taxation reduced the incentives for people to work harder and meant that some people were financially better off by being unemployed. Thatcher’s solution to these problems was to end Keynesian economic policies, lower taxes, sell off public assets, and attempt to reduce the size of the welfare state. The inability of the Callaghan government to solve Britain’s economic ills and the Winter of Discontent of industrial action and public sector strikes allowed Thatcher to take power after winning the general election of May 1979 (Fisher, Denver, Benyon, 2003, p.11). Once in office the Thatcher government undertook a radical reshaping of economic policy that had a major impact upon British society and influenced the success of policy and legislation to bring back traditional family values. The pursuit of economic liberalisation was the government’s policy given priority over all other policies and initiatives. Thatcher believed that economic liberalisation would be the catalyst that would modernise and revive Britain’s economic performance, with the anticipated consequence that it would revive at least some of the traditional family values. That was the underlying belief that people should work to make their lives better rather than relying upon the welfare state to give them handouts. The problem with adopting monetarist economic policies was that it resulted in the highest levels of unemployment witnessed in Britain since the Great Depression of the 1930s. With more than three million people unemployed, expenditure on the social s ecurity budget increased rather than decreased. Economic policy in this instance actually made the return to traditional family values less likely to be achieved. High unemployment levels instead meant a return to inter-period levels of poverty, and the closure of unprofitable coal mines and steel mills devastated whole communities (Coxall, Robbins, Leach, 2003, p. 54). High unemployment levels also helped the Thatcher government to break the power of the trade unions more effectively than legislation on its own. That legislation was restrictive of trade union powers in its own right, more so than the failed efforts of the Heath government a decade earlier. The Thatcher government regarded employment legislation as vital in making its efforts to erode trade union power effective. The Employment Act of 1980 took away the rights of trade unions to operate closed shops (allowing workers the right not to join trade unions), take secondary industrial action, or, use flying pickets to force employers to give into their demands. The Employment Act also laid down certain conditions that trade unions had to follow exactly before they could take industrial action. For instance, trade unions had to hold postal ballots to vote for or against strike action. Any trade union that did not hold official ballots was going on strike illegally, and therefore faced lega l action from employers. For the Thatcher government the Employment Act of 1980 proved invaluable with its conflicts with the militant trade unions, especially the coal miners (Forman, Baldwin, 1999, p.450). For the Thatcher government its conflict with the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) led by Arthur Scargil proved the ultimate test of whether it could change the social and economic structure of Britain to fit in with its ideological outlook. The NUM had been regarded as being largely responsible for the defeat of the Heath government during the 1970s, so the Thatcher government wanted to defeat it as a symbol of Britain being transformed economically, socially, and politically. Although the Thatcher government did give way over pay disputes in 1981 as it did not believe it could defeat the NUM, it was biding its time. However, by 1984 the Thatcher government was certain that the situation had changed in its favour through its new legislation that reduced secondary strike action, and because coal had been stockpiled at power stations to prevent the NUM from forcing the government to give in. The bitter miners strike of 1984-85 effectively broke the power of the NUM forever, and sho wed that the trade unions could no longer bring down any government that they wanted to (Forman Baldwin, 1999, p. 196). As part of its policy objectives to bring back traditional family values the Thatcher government tried to improve the law and order situation without much apparent success. Once again the economic policies of the Thatcher government had consequences for the successful conduct of its social policies. The chief consequence of Thatcherite economic policies was as already mentioned high unemployment. High unemployment made it harder to reduce the level of crime; in fact crime rates rose as sharply as unemployment rates did throughout much of the 1980s (Fisher, Denver, Benyon, 2003, p. 12). Unemployment increased peoples’ sense of desperation as well as putting many of them into poverty. Crime increased as people tried to make ends meet, and it also increased as a result of a rise in the number of people taking illegal drugs. High unemployment and the illegal drug trade meant that respect for law and order was reduced in the majority of inner city areas rather than improved. A com bination of high unemployment, heavy handed policing, and increased levels of racial tension lead to the outbreak of inner city riots in 1981 that alarmed the Thatcher government (Jones et al, 2004, p. 628). To prevent a repeat of those riots the Thatcher government introduced urban redevelopment areas, and attempted to change the policing methods used in areas that contained ethnic minority communities. The Thatcher government tried to reduce crime by allowing courts to set tougher sentences and the introduction of youth detention centres, yet nothing seemed to work (Jones et al, 2004, p. 628). The failure of the Thatcher government to reverse the rising crime figures is a clear demonstration that the social policy, and legislation of governments can have little or virtually no influence over people’s behaviour if they did not want that behaviour to be altered. Although there was a strong link between rising crime and rising unemployment during the Thatcher government the le vels of crime have not decreased, despite unemployment falling since its peak in the late 1980s (Jones et al, 2004, p. 629). Other areas of the That