The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1273 Words

Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, reveals how general members of society will do anything to attain or maintain a position of power and status amongst the bourgeoisie while a few will go through great lengths to remain true to their faith; ultimately revealing that the act of trying to achieve a higher position in life, at the cost of others, is a choice. Throughout the story you see characters change their views, opinions, and actions on certain items just to remain in the position that they have achieved. They also do these things to get to a higher position in society. Keeping your position and working for a new one means absolutely everything to this society. They will do anything to get what they want, they do not care what they do or if they hurt anyone. If they want something they will do everything in their power to get there. The public servants in the small town of Salem choose to exploit the citizens in pursuit of their materialistic desire to maintain their position as bourgeoisie. Reverend Paris is a prime example of this type of character in The Crucible. Paris has just come back from Barbados and is trying to do everything he can to earn the respect of people in the town. He is trying his best to achieve this when suddenly his niece and daughter are seen practicing witch-craft. This is major problem for him. Paris says to his niece Abigail, â€Å"Abigail, I have fought here three long years to bend these stiff-necked people to me, and now, just now when some goodShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

The Impact of Weak System Security Free Essays

In addition to this, it is not just the organization itself that can feel the brunt of the impact of weak security. Employees whose responsibility it is to ensure that there are no weaknesses an also be hit hard. Generally, it is up to managers to ensure that there are no weaknesses in a systems security; or at least to reduce the risk of negative impact/damage on the company. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Weak System Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now This means that if there is a major weakness is found in the system of an organization, managers could lose their jobs as a result of negligence etc. This then puts the managers in a situation where they are losing money, not just the company. Loss of Customers- Weak system security can also result in the loss of customers as people will not want to use a business that has problems with their security s their personal details or information may be at risk. For example, if a bank has a weakness in its security, and this weakness is exploited by hackers; then customers’ information may be stolen and used to purchase goods under their name. This goes against the organization’s key responsibilities to its customers as they have a responsibility to keep their customers data safe and hidden from unrestricted access. This means that if people’s data is stolen or lost then they will more than likely move to a rival organization where they think that their data will be safer. This will result in the loss of customers from the company and a massive lost in trust; possibly resulting in the loss of jobs as there aren’t enough customers to make a profit for the company. Increased Costs- An increase in costs can also be incurred from the weakness in a systems security. This can be caused as a result Of needing a specialist engineer etc to come in to the company to see where the weakness in the systems security is. This may cost a lot of money as it is; and more money will need to be spent in order to get another specialist to come out and fix the problems that are there. In addition to this, customers may wish to receive mom sort of compensation as payment for the information that the company has lost about them. Or Image- A poor company image can be another nasty effect of weak system security. If a major company has even one or two system weaknesses it can reflect very badly on its image as people will start to lose trust in the overall protection that the company offers to its customers. A poor company image can have a massive impact on the ability for a company to make enough money to actually make a profit on the goods they are making/selling. A poor image may then result in the loss of customers and earnings from the many. It is therefore vital that the company ensures that there are no weaknesses in its security so that their company image stays strong. All of the above impacts can be related to the organizations key responsibilities to their Customers. The Organization has a massive responsibility to ensure that all of their customers’ personal data is kept secure, and that only the people who are authorized to access it are able to and only at the right times. This links in with the data protection act of 1998, as companies must provide suitable means of protecting customers’ data. How to cite The Impact of Weak System Security, Papers

Steve Legal Obligation to Buy Car from Jason-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Advise if the agreement signed by Susan was valid. 2.Advise if Steve was legally bound to buy the car from Jason. 3.Advise if Carl was negligent and whether any defence was available to him. 4.Advise if Betty has any rights under ACL. Answers: 1.Issue To determine the validity of agreement signed between Tom and Susan. Rules The contract being an official agreement can be either written or oral. A contract in order to be valid needs to have specifically six elements: Offer: An offer or a promise is important as if there is no offer made by one party to another there will be no contract. Acceptance: After receiving an offer from one party there should be an acceptance by another. Further, no contract shall be concluded if the parties are still into negotiations or discussing not having accepted the offer (Koffman Macdonald, 2010). Intention to create a legal relation: As per Contract Act, it is important to intent to create legal relations as one of the key requirement as a valid contract. In case of no intention to create legal relations, the contract can be subject to a lawsuit. Consideration: Consideration in a contract is meaning the exchange set between the promisor and promises to make the contract legally valid (Chen-Wishart, 2012). Capacity: the contract must be in a legal capacity to do so i.e., the parties involved in a contract must be major. Certainty: the terms and regulations made in the contract must be certain Expressly not declared void to make it enforceable or considered valid. Applicability of rules As in the current case of Tom and Susan, the elements stated to make a contract valid are all fulfilled. Tom makes a written offer to Susan to which she gives her acceptance. The consideration of $100,000 and legal intent as well as the capacity of parties makes the contract legally valid one. Conclusion Herein, the contract entered between Tom and Susan is a valid agreement as both parties legal intentions were clear and mutual consent was assured through the signature of both. Therefore, Tom approach to pay Susan only $100,000 is valid. 2.Issue Steve legal obligation to buy car from Jason Rules Offer and invitation to offer infers two different implications and thus should not be considered equal. Though, an offer is a personal expression on showing its willingness to another party to do or not to do anything. Offer is a proposal, which is definite, complete and certain in all cases (McKendrick, 2014). Offer requires being communicated to another person and legally binding on parties. While Invitation to offer (treat) is an act to invite the other party to make a proposal. It is prior to an offer. In the event of invitation to offer, there is no negotiation of terms of the contract or a clear expression to make an offer. Applicability of rule Herein, this case Steve act was to induce Jason to make an invitation to offer with intent to negotiate and create a contract. But nonetheless, Steve does not make any offer to make it legally binding on him to accept Jason car. Conclusion Therefore, in this respective case, Jason does not have any right to make Steve legally bound to buy his modified car as he makes an invitation to offer rather than offer that make it fundamentally not legally binding on Steve to make the purchase. 3.Issue In this case, the issue is to identify whether Harry holds defence to Carl negligence act. Rule According to Civil Liability Act in case of any loss due to negligence act on another as stated in act of Perre v Apand Pty Limited (1999) the following conditions shall be applied: The duty of Care: the defendant has a responsibility towards the plaintiff recognized by law. The famous case of Donoghue v Stevenson formed the modern law of negligence which lays its foundation on duty of care and fault principles. There an existence of legally recognized responsibility of obligation or duty (Schwartz Rowe, 2010). Breach of Duty: the defendant who intentionally exposes the plaintiff to the considerable risk of loss, breaches the duty. Intention and/or Malice: furthermore establishing conditions of intent or malice which applies in the event of gross negligence. Causation: Accordingly the result of negligent act or omission it is important that injury is led by negligence. As in case of Volenti non-fit injuria is which is a legal doctrine that states if someone willingly involves into a required position acknowledging that it could lead to harm will not be able to claim against the defendant (Kritchevsky, 2010). Injury: Though there is a breach of duty, plaintiff may yet not recover unless it has proven defendants breach instigated a pecuniary injury. Damage: It is a monetary value of the harm done to the plaintiff. Applicability of rule Herein this case Carl has conducted a breach of duty and duty of care leading to health injury and damage to Harry. Carl having no primary knowledge to cook sashimi could have avoided the misconduct resulting in health illness to Harry. There was an act of negligence on part of Carl. Conclusion Though Carl has to lead to the negligence conduct but nevertheless as per Volenti non fit injuria doctrine of law Harry could have evaded the negligent conduct made by Carl as he knew Carl had no knowledge to cook sashimi 4.Issue Rights of Betty as per Australian Consumer Law Rule According to the ACL, all usual rights are applicable when anyone shops with an Australian online business (Ramsay, 2012). In case of any misleading conduct on the part of the online site, the consumer has the right to repair, replace or refund, compensation for damage and loss and warranties. It is important that online website competes on fairgrounds on basis of price and quality. Applicability of rule Betty has the right under ACL to claim for damages against the Apple online website which serves information which is misleading serving product products with the false specification. Conclusion Here in this case, Betty can claim against the online website for her rights as per ACL, as a product so received by Betty is not in tune with the specification so stated by the website. References Chen-Wishart, M. (2012). Contract law. Oxford University Press. Koffman, L., Macdonald, E. (2010).The law of contract. Oxford University Press. Kritchevsky, B. (2010). Tort Law Is State Law: Why Courts Should Distinguish State and Federal Law in Negligence-Per-Se Litigation. Am. UL Rev., 60, 71. McKendrick, E. (2014). Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Ramsay, I. (2012).Consumer law and policy: Text and materials on regulating consumer markets. Bloomsbury Publishing. Schwartz, V. E., Rowe, E. F. (2010). Comparative negligence. LexisNexis.

Managerial Economics Essay Example

Managerial Economics Essay Managerial Economics Exam at EMBA program at Cotrugli Business School Belgrade Prepared by: Enor Cerimagic Date: January 2013 Managerial Economics Prepared by: Enor Cerimagic CONTENT SECTION A: Question 1 Provide a specific example of a poor decision that cost your company money. Identify the key decision-maker, and explain what happened. Did that person have the right incentives? Did they have sufficient knowledge? Explain how an improvement in incentives mechanisms and/or knowledge systems could prevent similar mistakes being made in future. SECTION B: Question 4 In response to the global financial crisis central banks across the world have cut interest rates. Why? What are the main arguments against rate cuts? SECTION C: Question 5 Many economic commentators believe that the dollar is weak at the moment. Why is this? What are the key drivers of foreign exchange markets? What do you think will happen to the dollar in future? /8 Managerial Economics Prepared by: Enor Cerimagic SECTION A: Question 1 Provide a specific example of a poor decision that cost your company money. Identify the key decision-maker, and explain what happened. Did that person have the right incentives? Did they have sufficient knowledge? Explain how an improvement in incentives mechanisms and/or knowledge systems could prevent similar mistakes being made in future. For almost twelve years I have been working for internatio nal pharmaceutical companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Economics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer During this period of time with different companies’ philosophies, I have been able to realize that most of business or business related projects, which have been generated and led from regional offices or headquarters, without market specific modifications and inputs were usually, at least, more expensive. Sometimes, it can lead to project failure or project poor results. Local apples or a foreign strawberry does not matter, if result will come, if business opportunities will be recognised, if strategy will be improved and revenue/profit will grow. Although, nice apple and strawberry salad should be able to satisfy both taste and flavour or result and cost. Decision by our Regional manager (RM) has been made to engage consulting agency from Hungary to lead the project of Profiling, Segmenting and Targeting (PST) physicians and pharmacies in Adriatic Region, which includes Bosnia and Herzegovina. Main purpose of project was to determinate clients who will be segmented, related to current strategy, and targeted based on their potential and their adaption stage. Pareto principle (after Vilfredo Pareto, Italian scientists, 1848-1923), which states that 80% of our revenue/profit comes from 20% of our clients, was undisputed project goal for recognition. We have intended to cover 90% of total universe of doctors and pharmacies in country, and to profile them based on their potential and loyalty. In the project, further analysis included also our internal capacity, internal sales results (national and in territories) and market segments value and volume shares (national and in bricks). 00 90 80 70 80/20 RULE SALES 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20% CLIENTS 80% RESULTS CLIENTS 3/8 Managerial Economics Prepared by: Enor Cerimagic In preparation stage we have alarmed RM that in BH IMS data (traditional market data in pharmaceutical industry) does not exist with recommendation and suggestion that local agency should be engaged for project execution, what would give us an opportunity to hire the agent based on references (advers e selection) and to monitor further actions. Also, local agencies are operating with valuable market data on daily basis. So, our intention was to decentralise project, but RM insisted on Hungarian agency for entire region. Result project realisation lasted for five months, instead of three, with additional costs for market data from different sources and additional costs of Hungarian agency for analytics and deliverables. Finally, we had to engage local agency for additional consultancies in project. Project itself was finished with costs 25% higher than in the bid, and 56% higher than the local agency’s offer for entire project. Project also included additional work of sales persons with additional, locally adopted, incentive mechanism for motivation. Conclusion RM made the decision although his knowledge about market specifics was not sufficient. Right incentive was questionable, as well. Project described that project costs are unpredictable in case of centralized project with lack of information. This case shows that project decentralisation, with right incentive program for local agency, and adequate (in this case – local) KPI (key performance indicators) would decrease costs in both terms – money and time. 4/8 Managerial Economics Prepared by: Enor Cerimagic SECTION B: Question 4 In response to the global financial crisis central banks across the world have cut interest rates. Why? What are the main arguments against rate cuts? Central Bank look after monetary policy through manages money supply. In theory central bank is using three main tools of monetary policies. First is that central bank has power to create interest rate for lending money to commercial banks, second is to define reserve requirement on bank’s deposit and third is market operations through purchasing or selling assets. With regard to mentioned activities, central bank is able to monitor credit potential of commercial banks in country, to manage financial stability and liquidity in country, to oversee operations of the banking system in country and to be the fiscal agent of government (take care of servicing foreign and domestic obligations). In a time of global crisis and threatened economy growth (decline in economic activity, investment, rising unemployment and general illiquidity), central bank with its instruments of regulation and stimulation of cash flow in country has an obligation and responsibility to influence the policy of commercial banks. The main goal of creating monetary policy of central bank in the current financial crisis is to increase the mass of money in circulation in commercial banks that will serve to increase their loan potential. By increasing the money supply, central bank indirectly intends to generate more investment to the industry as well as to the consumers, what allows faster economical growth and stabilizes liquidity in country. As mentioned, one of significant stimulative monetary policy instrument used by central bank is interest rate policy. Due to decline in economic activity and consequently reduction in investment and consumption, commercial banks are showing more prominent caution in extending credits, what leads to high quantity of money in commercial banks, and less money in circulation. Commercial banks are increasing the mass of deposits held at central bank, which could be higher than the deposit obligation (prescribed by legal regulations). On such deposited funds, commercial banks get a certain interest rate. To indirectly increase the economic growth, central bank is reducing its benchmark interest rate on funds deposited, and stimulating banks to release higher level of money in circulation through loans. Through mentioned activities commercial banks should realize higher interests through earns from the basis of the referral interest rate. In addition to the benchmark interest rate, central bank can influence determination of interbank interest rate. Central bank can lend money to commercial banks, as well. This means that central bank can indirectly affect change in interbank interest rate. Namely, the interest rate at which the central bank lends money to commercial bank is discount rate. Lower central bank discount rate indirectly affects decrease of prime rate. 5/8 Managerial Economics Prepared by: Enor Cerimagic Low discount rate increases the interest of commercial banks to borrow money from central bank, what affects the increasing level of money in circulation and, on the other side, lowers its price (cheaper money) for crediting the economy, population, etc. This means that it will generate lower nominal interest rate to consumer and investment loans. With these activities, mainly with focus on short-term interest rate, central bank is indirectly influencing money supply with intention to boost economy growth and investments, decreasing unemployment and increasing government public works. Most powerful central banks in the world firstly began to apply this type of monetary stimulus. In the second half of 2008 the Fed and the Bank of England began to decrease interest rates dramatically, and these banks ended 2012 with rates of 0. 00% (Fed) and 0. 50% (Bank Engl. ). This type of monetary stimulus was accompanied by many other central banks of the world. However, simulative monetary policy pursued by the central bank through interest rates, as a monetary instrument, if not controlled, can cause negative effects. If there is an increased amount of money in circulation, and on the other hand there is no economic progress, growth in production of goods and services, prices will begin to rise, and lead to significant inflationary disorders. If this stagnation further lead to the lack of major investment in new technology and projects, the entire economy, or the economy of country will become ineffective. Manufacture costs (inputs) start to grow, products’ prices and working costs start to increase, and that all contributes to inflation and multiply inflationary growth. Consequently, money depreciates which can lead to a general financial instability. To keep process in control and do any necessary adjustments in monetary policy or to interest rate, central banks’ committees meet plenty of time a year to review the nation’s economy through essential economic targets and the global financial trends. For instance, the FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee), the branch of Fed, meets eight times a year for reviewing process. 6/8 Managerial Economics Prepared by: Enor Cerimagic SECTION C: Question 5 Many economic commentators believe that the dollar is weak at the moment. Why is this? What are the key drivers of foreign exchange markets? What do you think will happen to the dollar in future? I will start with key drivers of foreign exchange markets. First of all, it is important to emphasize main factors which determinate the foreign exchange markets country’s economic and political situation and Forex market philosophy. Economic situation is assessed with real GDP (nominal GDP adjusted with inflation rate), labor market (unemployment rate, incomes), purchasing power and consumer price index, human potential (described through HDI – human development index / index is conglomerate of human education, expectation, incomes , foreign trade exchange (trade balance report relations between export and import / directly influence GDP level ), index of industrial production, retail sales (measure the sales of retail goods over a time period), public finance policy (fiscal policy, direct and indirect taxis), value of foreign debt and country credit potential. Political stability or instability can generally cre ate positive or negative impacts on economic situation and developments. Stabile government, with vision and responsible activities can influence in stronger investments from abroad or by domestic investors. Elections can be reason for fiscal policy changes, or influence the demands and costs of a certain currency. Marketplace philosophy is simple Foreign currency market is driven by demand and supply! However, some drivers are constantly presented like: Central Banks’ activities- explained in section B Crude oil price some currencies are oil dependant (US, Japan), and if oil price decreases, the import value will decrease what will have a positive impact on countries currency value and its strengths. Price of gold – for currencies of countries which are leaders in gold production and trade, for countries that have gold as a standard for monetary exchange. Additionaly, as current key drivers of foreign exchange markets, I would recognize: Greece situation and threats in Spain, Italy, Portugal Arabic political instability and its implications Further development of BRIC markets 7/8 Managerial Economics Prepared by: Enor Cerimagic The intentional weakening of dollar was logical direction for rescuing the U. S. economy. It was direction for healing serious impairments, like: recession, debt crisis (mostly mortgages / which reduced the amount of money in circulation), rising unemployment and increasing government expenditure on social and health care programs. That is why dollar is cheap, for almost two years. The Fed’s monetary policy has significantly increased the amount of money by reducing the interest rate, which was a sure way to weaken the dollar. Main reasons for weakening dollar were: Decline in general economic activity, especially in the most important branches of the economy real sector – manufacturing, especially car and construction industry, with the highest number of employees, Fear of worsening investor mortgage crisis which has hit most commercial banks and America, A more vulnerable population standard, High state deficit, mostly due to the growing needs of social funds, Ineffective fiscal policy tax incentives from the Bush era (rates of tax benefits were not progressive, ie, dependent on the amount of annual income) and so on. The effects of a falling dollar have affected the growth of U. S. exports due to decrease of prices of US goods on world markets, and the launch of additional production capacities, which resulted in a reduction in unemployment rate from 10% to 7. 8% (December, 2012). However, the weakening dollar has caused the falling confidence in the stability of the U. S. currency on the world market. The U. S. olitical scene is currently looking â€Å"promising†, as well, due to positive trend of monetary and fiscal changes. Support came through â€Å"fiscal package† (adopted in January 2013. ) which, certainly, helped to avoid the â€Å"fiscal cliff†, for the time being. Whether these measures will require some new monetary stimulus package to strengthen the dollar and, what is more important for world stock markets, restore confidence in the U. S. currency, it remains to be seen. There is an ABBA song â€Å"Money, money, money must be funny in the rich men’s world†, and we are speaking about US which hold almost 25% of world economy, its currency which is the most famous Money, which â€Å"believe in God†, which determinate measures for suitcases productions etc. Yes, I believe in dollar, as well! Predictions of the world’s stock exchanges and markets are that the dollar will appreciate, over the next 3, 6 and 9 months primarily in relation to the Euro, Japanese Yen and Chinese Yuan. Why? Primarily because the U. S. conomy is showing significant level of vitality. The economy growth rate in 2012 was 2. 5%. Number of employees increased, so the unemployment rate dropped from 10% at the beginning of 2012 to 7. 8% in December. Furthermore, the U. S. Congress has done and additional move to reduce the deficit. The newly adopted fiscal stimulus package (Jan. 2013 taxing Americans with annual income over $ 400,000) will reduce the defic it. According to analysts, USA will ensure the level economic growth and stability of the dollar, trough these fiscal measures, for the next few months. The Fed entered into a program of new monetary measures timeless-unlimited purchases of long-term government bonds or repurchase banks active assets. With these measures, the Fed â€Å"relaxed† conditions on financial markets and enables banks to invest with less cautions at low rates. Measures should expand investment and consumption and result should be further economic growth, reduction of unemployment, rise of confidence and strengthening of dollar. 8/8

Appalachian Folk Culture Essays

Appalachian Folk Culture Essays Appalachian Folk Culture Paper Appalachian Folk Culture Paper Essay Topic: 9th Grade Appalachian Folk Culture: Health Care Differences and Disparities The concept of culture is all the characteristics a person has such as language, beliefs, values, behaviors and norms.   It is the objects we hold dear and pass from one generation to the next.   It is every aspect of who and what we are. When we are born we have no knowledge of whom or what we are.   We have no language, no values, no religion, and no morality.   We lack the fundamental orientations that we take for granted and are very important to who we are. These are all learned traits that we usually share within the core group of our family.   It is through the learning of our culture that we understand and give meaning to everything around us and if someone challenges us on our beliefs it usually upsets the individual that has been challenged. This cultural make-up is what defines each person as individual.   We use our culture to sometimes judge others and sometimes this can be negative or this can be positive. As health practitioners must keep in mind that when dealing with others cultures you must remember the framework of that culture and view it from that framework.   Being raised in a different culture gives individuals a different perspective of normal than what most Americans believe. The Appalachian region has several diseases that affect them.   Cancer will be the focus of this paper even though it is all of the conditions combined that have affected the Appalachian culture and to some degree have banded them together as a whole.   In this region health care and disease prevention has been a hot topic for sometime and has been overlooked by the nation. Frustration among this population only reinforces their distrust of health care professionals as well as governmental aid.   Reforming how health care is delivered is now needed to help with bringing this region up to the standards the majority of the nation already has for health care. Demographics: The entire region of the Appalachian covers from southern New York State to the northern part of Mississippi and covers over 13 states.   There is a high percentage of poverty, low income higher than average high school drop out rate, infant mortality rate and a steady migration moving out of the region. Because of the terrain being very hilly basic community infrastructure is difficult and costly.   Per capita income in 1993 for the region was just a little over $15,000 with the poverty in the region, when compared to the nation, shows that 4 out of 10 countries with the highest rates are located within this region. It isn’t uncommon for counties in the region to show unemployment rates of 11 to 15%.   Mining jobs in West Virginia, just in recent times have been eliminated and have placed a great strain in this region.   86% of the counties in the region have been given the distinction of being areas where shortages of health care professional are present and inadequate with insurance coverage. This is shown with higher than the national average, for example, heart disease at 19%, lung disease at 22% and the death rate at 12%.   Education statistics in this region shows that 12% of the adult population only has an education up to the 9th grade and according to The Appalachian Regional Commission this is three times the national average. Another interesting disparity that should be noted is the education since this affects health and how health care is handled.   For example in the Ohio region of the Appalachian spending on students in the region by Ohio in 1991 was only $2,822 per student, while the average for the whole state was $4390. Living conditions are also noted while looking at the health care disparities in the region. Statistics show that more than 15% of homes are substandard when compared to the nation (http://census.gov http://healthypeople.gov) . How Appalachian culture is viewed has great bearing on how health care is approached in this region.   Certain myths and stereotyping of these people probably had a direct cause as to how this culture views health care and the system.   Many see this culture as different, than what it really is.   And many haven’t even heard of the plight in this region in the United States. â€Å"Today’s mainstream media still routinely depicts â€Å"hillbillies† as ignorant, lazy, close-minded and violent rubes, given to â€Å"feuding and fussing† when not handling snakes, brewing moonshine, or fathering children with their cousins† (Noe, 2002, p.1). Kenneth W. Noe a professor at Auburn University wrote that class consciousness seemed to propel this culture into a â€Å"tradition of resistance† (Noe, 2002, p.3).   The region and its people had become exploited causing a general disillusionment for business and government.   In today’s terms business and government is the health care system. So that belief alone would definitely hamper how individuals in this region use and get health care.   In their culture distrust of both is passed down in family beliefs and it seems to be a very difficult cycle to break or change. Many health care practitioners find that it is difficult to overcome the social class barriers that have been built up against this culture.   â€Å"Ohmans, Garrett, and Treichel (1996) recognize that social class can be a significant barrier, particularly for new immigrants whose social status or class distinction may have radically been altered†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Huff Kline, 1999, p.16). This social class is best described in terms of the conflict theory, or how upper classes used their power and privilege to exploit those below them. Through generations of belief and the general neglect of this region and culture this behavior is seen as a problem for health practitioners in this area.   The Appalachian culture has a basic mistrust of physicians and of modern health care practices.

History of the Artificial Heart

History of the Artificial Heart The first artificial heart for humans was invented and patented in the 1950s, but it wasnt until 1982 that a working artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, was successfully implanted in a human patient.   Early Milestones As with many medical innovations, the first artificial heart was implanted in an animal in this case, a dog. Soviet scientist Vladimir Demikhov, a pioneer in the field of organ transplantation, implanted an artificial heart into a dog in 1937. (It wasnt Demikhovs most famous work, however - today he is mostly remembered for performing head transplants on dogs.) Interestingly, the first patented artificial heart was invented by American Paul Winchell, whose primary occupation was as a ventriloquist and comedian. Winchell also had some medical training and was assisted in his endeavor by Henry Heimlich, who is remembered for the emergency choking treatment that bears his name. His creation was never actually put into use. The Liotta-Cooley artificial heart was implanted into a patient in 1969 as a stopgap measure; it was replaced with a donors heart a few days later, but the patient died soon thereafter.   The Jarvik 7   The Jarvik-7 heart was developed by American scientist Robert Jarvik and his mentor, Willem Kolff.   In 1982, Seattle dentist Dr. Barney Clark was the first person implanted with the Jarvik-7, the first artificial heart intended to last a lifetime. William DeVries, an American cardiothoracic surgeon, performed the surgery. The patient survived 112 days. It has been hard, but the heart itself has pumped right along, Clark said in the months following his history-making surgery. Subsequent iterations of the artificial heart have seen further success; the second patient to receive the Jarvik-7, for instance, lived for 620 days after implantation. People want a normal life, and just being alive is not good enough, Jarvik has said.   Despite these advances, less than two thousand artificial hearts have been implanted, and the procedure is generally used as a bridge until a donor heart can be secured. Today, the most common artificial heart is the SynCardia temporary Total Artificial Heart, accounting for 96% of all artificial heart transplants. And it doesnt come cheap, with a price tag of around $125,000.

The Banatao Brothers Build Boards for the Green Wave Assignment

The Banatao Brothers Build Boards for the Green Wave - Assignment Example 1.2 Cost In USA cost of any entrepreneur to run the shop is at least $400 while average hourly manufacturing cost for Asian competitors is $2.50. Minimum purchase price for polyurethane board in the country is around $300 but Asian competitors can manufacture the same product at five times a cheaper price. 1.3 Stringent Business Environment Domestic surf board entrepreneurs are searching headway to compete against cheap import from Asia but till now there is no sign of relief for them. In 2005, surfboard blanks a domestic manufacturer closed their business due to stringent cost competition from Asian counterparts. Government announced hike in the raw material cost to manufacture due untamable recession started in 2007. Clark Foam was the major supplier of polyurethane blanks for surfboard manufacturers but after recession price of polyurethane blank has increased. In this condition Clark Foam ceased production in the year 2007. After the closure of Clark Foam, small and midsized entr epreneurs do not have any choice but close business due to zero inventory of polyurethane blanks inventory. At that time big players banked on existing polyurethane blanks inventory while the condition was perfect storm for small entrepreneurs like Banatao Brothers due to various reasons like loss of main supplier, low priced import from Asia and slump in bottom line. Domestic sales volume for surf board manufacturers has decreased ten percent in last five years due to low cost import from Asia (Rizzo). 2.0 Support Required for Entrepreneur & Source of Support 2.1 Import Quota According to Professor Hill, import quota can be described as direct restraint on quantity of imported goods. Import quota is directly connected with issuing import license to business organization or individual. For example, Federal Government can create trade barriers for Asian competitors by setting annual import limit for polyurethane blanks and other surf board materials. In this way government can help s mall entrepreneurs from international competition and domestic big players (Hill 205-210). 2.2 Environmentally Friendly Materials Banatao Brothers have planned to manufacture Entropy surfboard with sugar beet foam core that is wrapped in hemp cloth instead of a polyurethane foam core encased in fiberglass. This is a green initiative by them and they need further research on creating bio surfboard. They can take help of various university research scholars having expertise in green technology. Further research on chemical composition of sugar beet foam core might help them to create more diversified product line in future. The company is currently taking help from Bayer Corporation but in future taking help from USA universities will decrease their cost on research & development (Boone, and Kurtz 33). 3.0 Lifestyle Changes and Opportunity 3.1 What Customers Buy Surfing industry is worth of $7 billion and its business pattern is constantly evolving with respect to customer demand. In recent years customers of USA are showing their back to petrochemical based surfing board material due to its poor durability in contrast to

Introduction to american civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to american civilization - Essay Example By the 1840s, steam powered locomotives became the major source of traveling and transportation in the United States. The railroad was used to transport large items which reduced the costs of transportation. By the 1880s, electric railways were being used for transportation in cities like New York (Steven, 2006). The Transcontinental Railroad brought much profit and efficiency to organizations and individuals in the United States. The Industrial revolution allowed the massive cultivation of the American West with the use of new farming techniques and mechanization. This led to efficiencies in production and the railroad ensured the distribution of foodstuff to distant markets. Industrialization also led to the increased urbanization of the American people. Automobiles would further revolutionize the concept of traveling. Mass manufacturing led to an increase in goods and as a result a new middle class emerged eager for these products. The progressive era in the United States was launched in order to protect the rights of workers and reduce waste and corruption. This era was also marked with a desire to improve the lives of ordinary citizens. Alcohol was prohibited in this era and women’s rights were achieved. Media exposed corruption in political circles. Political reforms to enable the citizens to rule directly were implemented. Theodore Roosevelt launched the square deal to ensure that food and drugs would be safe for citizens. The railroad rates were also regulated. Universal health care, health insurance and conservation of the environment were some of the major goals of his government. President Howard Taft also believed in the progressive era. During his presidency, the civil service was expanded and the US postal service was made more efficient. He also launched many antitrust suits against large companies and promoted world peace. President Woodrow Wilson is credited with the establishment of the F ederal Reserve System which is the central

Theory Based Character Description Essay Example for Free

Theory Based Character Description Essay The structure of Jenny’s life begins with her beliefs, morals, goals and capabilities of change throughout her lifetime. Early in life, she seemed to have dreams and goals for the future. She desired to be a performer, singer, songwriter and musician. Unfortunately, those aspirations were destroyed when she instead became a nude model and stripper, which killed her college career when she was expelled. She degraded herself and could never recover the self-respect and respect from others that she lost from doing that. There are many examples throughout her life that she seemingly set herself up for failure, as she gets into unhealthy, abusive relationships, and relies heavily on drugs, alcohol and a life of promiscuity. Jenny never followed through with her dreams or made responsible decisions. Her principles and standards changed as her surroundings did. She made many bad choices that led her down a life of destruction. The Social Cognitive process is demonstrated throughout the move as we watch her struggle in life. As Forrest becomes increasingly successful in most things he does. She admires him so much and deeply cares for him as a friend. They remain in contact in high school and periodically throughout life. She reaches out during some of her more desperate times or runs into him as fate would have it. Forrest asks Jenny to marry him, however, she replies, â€Å"You don’t want to marry me†. I speculate that she compares her life to his and therefore feels beneath him, and that he deserves better than herself. He replies that he may be stupid but he knows what love is and in fact does want to be with her. Later that night she slips into his room and they make love. Early in the morning however, she leaves without a word. It is possible that she felt like she made a mistake and did not want to drag him down with her. Her growth and development was demonstrated as her social learning skills were developed throughout life through observation. After her mother died, there was no one to protect her and her sisters from her drunk father that sexually molested them. She is then influenced by the anti-Vietnam war protestors she becomes involved with during her life as a hippie. The direct contact with several extreme activists and other negative groups lead her into a more negative slope. As she lives on, she continues to make terrible decisions. She becomes an increasingly immoral person, and is filled with extremely low self-esteem and deep depression. Jenny does not demonstrate self-efficacy. She slides down a slippery slope of denying her true pain and anguish. She runs away from her fears and feelings and goes out into the world of destruction to attempt to escape her past. She depends on the environment she is in to determine her future, goals, and values. As the movie flashes throughout several different scenarios, Jenny lives through, one-thing remains consistent, and she seeks the ability to forget the past. She does not want to deal with it therefore, she uses sex, drugs, extremist views and lifestyle with hopes it will distract her from the scary truth of her history. Finally, Jenny writes Forest to meet up so she can introduce him to his son. It is only then that she becomes concerned with herself, as well as her son’s well-being. For once, she actually wants to do better from them. She decided to marry Forrest and set her child up for a good example of a healthy family dynamic. It does not appear Jenny ever dealt with her past, her feelings, and the underlying issues that caused her grief. She did however, finally feel real love before she passed away. She understood what it felt like to be unconditionally cared for; something she never thought was possible. Trait Theory Jenny’s personality traits change throughout her life. She was not consistent from childhood to adulthood. As a child, she was kind, caring and generous. As she aged, she became increasingly nervous, scared and unsure of her surroundings. As she moves into late adolescence and early adulthood, she harbors the same fearful attitude and decides to run away, wander and travel with hopes a finding a new identity. Throughout life, she remains in love with Forest but does not love herself, therefore is unable to accept his love in return. Her personality traits come for a lack of understanding of why she experienced such painful things at such a young age. She never received love from her father, but was instead abused physically, emotionally and sexually. This trauma caused her inability to know love, receive love or understand that unconditional love truly exists. We know that her mother died when Jenny was just 5 years old. We do not, however, know why. This may also have influenced her growth and development. We do know that her father has some extreme mental health issues due to his abuse towards his daughters as well as the alcohol usage. As her environment changes throughout life, so does her personality traits. She continues to run from one situation to worse because she is not dealing with the true underlying issues. She ultimately runs to drugs in an extreme desperation to rid her memory of the pain of the past. The Big Five Trait Factor Scale appears as follows: Openness: Very High – Jenny is a creative, inquisitive, imaginative and unconventional. Conscientiousness: High – Before her life ended, after having a child, she finally learned to make the most responsible decision for herself and her child. Extraversion: High – Jenny had to always have someone in her company, whether it be Forrest or male company in the form of boyfriend, male clients or her hippie friends. She finds pleasure in being social. Agreeableness: Very High – Jenny is ultimately a kind hearted and helpful person with good intensions. Neuroticism: Very High – Jenny is highly insecure. This is the reason she bounces from one place to the next so often. This is why she completely submits to men and chooses those that treat her with the same disrespect her father one did. There is no formal model of change in Jenny’s life. Her traits simply change throughout the film as she pursues the task of running away to find herself and erase the past. She completes the cycle of the one sweet, kind and generous Jenny as a child, to a life of self-hatred and destruction, then back to seemingly healthy personality traits of a loving, caring person. After having a child, then learning that she is sick and dying, she finally faces reality and learns to love, accept and embrace love and peace.

“The Martyrdom of St. Matthew” - Painting Analysis Essays -- Art

I chose â€Å"The Martyrdom of St. Matthew† as the painting that best illustrates the baroque period. The reasons surrounding my decision are clear in Caravaggio’s painting. Here Caravaggio uses the entire canvas to illustrate complexity, flow, and chiaroscuro. The painting depicts the source of lighting to be coming from the left side of the plane. The brightest light focuses directly on Matthew’s executioner who intends to strike Matthew with an old balcanic hand weapon. Caravaggio masterfully illustrates the use of lighting by casting believable shadows. As an example, the shadow of the handle on balcanic hand weapon reflects on the executioner’s left thigh and knee. Another shadow appears on the executioner’s right inner thigh. The lighting source to the left of the executioner, the executioner, St. Matthews, the boy, the 2 observer’s bottom, right, and the fainter lighting upper left of the canvas illustrates the technique of vis ual movement. The lighting is placed strategically, causing visual movement within the piece. For example, the illumination of the executioner’s forearm directs my attention to the angel who appears to be handing St. Matthew a palm leaf. As a result, my eyes then focuses on the body of St. Matthew, lying on the bottom of the altar, then my eyes shifts up toward the Angle’s arm. The lighting on the angel's arm contrasted with the darkness of the palm leaf forces the viewer to look at the hand to see what St. Matthew is reaching for. The boy fleeing the scene further draws in the viewer. The two adult observers at the bottom right of the painting are illuminated but not as bright as the two main characters. Next, my attention is drawn to the man lying on the bottom steps, left side of the canv... ...ic landscapes. The baroque marked the time in which painters considered using subjects other than scenes from the Bible and from classical traditions. The baroque period also was the period in which artists painted portraits, and everyday life scenes. Baroque artist broke away from trying to make the calm balance known to the renaissance artists. Artists from the baroque era were interested in no longer tried in the extreme. They wanted to paint subjects possessing strong emotions; they wanted to capture those emotions and feelings in their work. Instead of just extremes of feeling sometimes, these strong emotions were personal. More often artists tried to portray intense religious emotions. Baroque art attempted to explain how and why their subjects fit as strongly as they did by representing their emotional states as vividly and analytically as possible.

Why did stalemate develop on the western front?

Stalemate; A deadlock in battle situation where neither side makes any progress. Stalemate occurred in the western front, during 1914-16 because of the threat of the Germans losing some land caught from the French, which the French regained after a counter-attack. Both countries decided to defend so therefore dug trenches from the Swiss mountains all the way to the sea. They did this because of the both the Generals had no back plan and couldn't think of another plan. A further significance is that both armies were closely matched in strength and ammunition, even without same sized armies. During the 1914's trench warfare had developed, instead of what happened in the Battle of the Somme, Generals make precautions to protect their armies. Subsequently after France's counter-attack to regain the land lost to the Germans, Germany didn't want to be pushed back any further, so the Germans decided to dig trenches starting from the Swiss mountains all the way to the sea. It was the race to the sea. An additional reason of why stalemate occurred was the superiority of defence. During the wars beyond the 1914 all the countries did was attack with either shells or running across no man's land with guns. The only defence was the barbed wire. However after the Battle of the Somme, Private George Coppard said that hundreds of the soldiers had died on the enemy wire. He also said ‘The Germans must have been reinforcing the wire months. It was so thick that daylight could barley be seen through it'. This showed that the Germans had been thinking defensively as well has attackingly. Another defensive based weapon is the machine gun, the British and the French underestimated it, but the Germans used it more to a greater affect against their Allies. After the attacks, which caused heavy casualties both forces made sure, they had an endless supply of machine guns and ammunition. The trenches were also a strong defence as they sheltered troops and kept their territory behind them. During the battle of the Somme the Germans trenches were re-enforced inside with concrete showing that trenches were thought of a defence mechanism. The stalemate could have occurred by the fact that both Generals had a lack of military expertise. General Von Kluck and General Joffe had no back-up plans in case their original plans had failed. Also Generals had been using 19th century methods in a 20th century battle show their incompetence of the fighting a war. I know this because General Haig wanted to fight a battle with men on horseback showing his lack of skill of being a General. Another potential motive of stalemate is that both Armies were closely matched, but not in size, but in strength, weapons, ammunition and artillery. Both forces had the same weapons of defence and attack such as machine gun, barbed wire and shell ammunition. None of the forces had the same amount of troops in their armies as Russia had the largest Army but was badly organised which gave the Germans a small chance. The French and British Armies combined was a big force but so was the German's and Austria-Hungary's. Both Armies had adopted the same method of fighting making it even more of a closer combat. My conclusion is that stalemate occurred because, not one, but many reasons such as the incompetence of the Generals who didn't have a back up plan so had to make do with trenches, also the way the weapons and way of fighting have changed from all out attack to a defensive encounter, which the generals couldn't figure out. The most apparent reason I find is the how trench warfare had developed and the race to the sea, which showed that neither country didn't, was to lose any more territory.

A Straight Bat Essay

Parents often have ideal ways they want their children to be; sometimes they don’t give them any freedom to choose. â€Å"A Straight Bat†, written by Roger Holt, is a short story about George who wants his son to become a great cricket player just like him even though his son, Timothy, doesn’t want to and wants to play the violin. This reading will be related to the dominant reading where readers sympathise with the son and see the father as an overbearing and oppressive man. This reading focuses on how the father forces his son to live under his shadow and how it’s represented through the actions and words of the characters. George is seen as a dominant figure who expects his son to live under his shadow. This is demonstrated through the speech of George. Before Timothy goes to his boarding school George gives him a cricket bat as a present. â€Å"What do you say?† This shows us how controlling he is towards his son. George also reminds him that he must become a good cricket player. â€Å"You must score lots of runs with it, Timothy†¦ Hundreds of them† He expects his son to love cricket and to become a star just like he was when he was at the same school. He doesn’t give his son any freedom to do what he wants to â€Å"You have a tradition to keep up. Your father still holds the record for the quickest century† he expects his son to be just like him. Through the speech of George we can see that George expects too much from his son and tries to control how his son lives. We sympathise with Timothy and see him as a weak character that is suppressed by his father. This can be seen in the speech and the actions of Timothy. After receiving the cricket bat T imothy isn’t very excited about it and wasn’t too interested. His father says â€Å"What do you say?† and he replies with â€Å"Thank you, Daddy† as if he was being controlled by his father. â€Å"Timothy stared at the wall in front of him and thought of the violins.† He is fascinated by violins and isn’t very interested in playing crickets yet his father is still pushing him to play cricket. Timothy’s individuality is suppressed by his father and this is shown through his actions and words. The one sided relationship between Timothy and George can be shown through the actions of the characters. When George gives Timothy the bat and expects him to become a cricket player it’s almost like he is caging a bird, Timothy doesn’t really want to play cricket but there isn’t much he can do. He swaps his cricket bat for a violin and it’s like he is free from his cage. When hisfather finds out about this he is furious and even smashes the violin â€Å"With a swift downward motion George smashed the violin across his knee.† The smashing of the violin is like Timothy getting his wings clipped and he is stuck in his cage forever. â€Å"He threw the ball back to his father and prepared himself for a lifetime of playing a straight bat on a pitch† After having his violin broken by his father Timothy has given up and just prepares to play cricket just like his father. In this father son relationship George is basically just forcing Timothy to live just like him and this is shown by the actions of the two. In conclusion the George is seen as restricting Timothy’s freedom to do what he wants to do, this is illustrated by the words and actions of the characters. Sometimes parents expect too much from their children and it can damage the relationship betw een them.

The Rules of the Fashion Industry The WritePass Journal

The Rules of the Fashion Industry Introduction The Rules of the Fashion Industry IntroductionTraditional Supply Chain Issues in Fashion Apparel Industry1. Changing Customer Tastes Unmet Due to Long Lead Time   3. Inflexible Supply Chain Hindering   Control4. Ineffective Information Flow Impacting Operational Efficiency Countering Traditional Supply Chain Issues The Fast Fashion Supply Chain Practices1. Quick Response to Shifting Consumer Tastes and Demands2. Increased Flexibility of   Supply Chain Through Vertical Integration3. Better Inventory Management Through Controlled Production4. Use of   Efficient IT Infrastructure   for Rapid Information DisseminationLimitation of Fast Fashion Supply Chain Practices1. Vertical Integration v/s Economies of Scale2. Centralised Distribution Centres v/s Global Expansion3. Vertical Integration in New Markets v/s High Labour and Production Costs  The Best Fit Supply Chain Practices   for a Fast Fashion Retail Company1.   Seamless Integration of Design Cycles with Inventory Control2.   Make Them And   Buy S ome3. Negotiate Shipping Contracts for Overseas Expansion E-Retailing4. Use   Efficient IT Systems for Seamless   Information FlowConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction The rules of the fashion industry have changed. Fashion is no longer the diktats of seasonal fashion houses. Fashion today is ever evolving, ever changing. What’s hot today is not tomorrow.   The definition of haute couture (high fashion) and prà ªt-a-porter (ready to wear) no longer bear the exclusive association of highly-priced designer garments or expensive boutiques available to the cream of society. The average person be it a teen , college student, guy or   girl next door, mums and dads with toddlers, or people in their 40s and 50s ageing like fine wine, just about everyone wants to be trendy, fashionable, well dressed and smart.   Affordable, fast-changing fashion is driven by customer needs and demands and not supply.   Making affordable, fast-changing styles of fashionable clothes to the consumer is the key success driver of the fashion retailers. Consequently, the choice of a supply chain management (SCM) model and the supply chain practices adopted by fashion companies are also keeping the customer at the helm.    Traditional Supply Chain Issues in Fashion Apparel Industry As I begin to research the best possible SCM model for the fast-fashion retail company I’ve been hired for, I first seek to understand the limiting factors in the traditional supply chain management in apparel industry. My analysis of the broad issues are as follows:   1. Changing Customer Tastes Unmet Due to Long Lead Time   In any retail operation, particularly of fashion garments, there is variability in consumer demand due to changing tastes. For example tunic tops last quarter, jeggings this quarter and so on. Changing consumer tastes and long lead time from design to production render ordering of fashion garments risky. The long lead time also hinders offering variety to consumers in terms of styles and range.   As consumer tastes become more diverse and fast changing, increasing the fashion range and decreasing the garment lifecycle, whilst managing inventory becomes exponentially challenging. 2. Unpredictability in Demand Resulting in Inventory Costs The problem of selling fashion garments due to demand uncertainty has grown enormously for fashion retail houses. Adding to this problem is the level of SKUs (stock keeping units), which raises the level of uncertainty if a particular range of fashion garment will sell or not in a given season. This means the retailer carrying a range of fashion garments that don’t sell or overstock and also that sells beyond expectations resulting in running out of stock. Delays in replenishment for not having an inventory of fashion garments in high demand will result in stock-out costs. Therefore, inventory is not always undesirable. Three types of costs are typically incurred in inventory: Enforced markdown of unsold overstocked garments Loss of sales due to stock outs of high-demand clothes   Warehousing costs The level of inventory will depend on forecasted demand, frequency of orders, lead time and cost to receive replenishment. 3. Inflexible Supply Chain Hindering   Control Supply chain includes different requirements and roles from its participants. The typical participants include Supplier, Manufacturer, Distributor, Retail Merchant and Consumer. The fashion manufacturer’s success hinges on their ability to maintain relationships between each of the entities in the supply chain. In a way, the participants of the supply chain foster dependency and a slight slip at the supplier end has the capacity to bring operations in the supply chain to a grinding halt. This dependency of the manufacturer on various entities of the supply chain necessitates weighing the option of make v/s buy. The strategy involves decision on activities that can be performed in-house versus those that can be outsourced. Control, quality and speed of the activities within the supply chain are key determinants in choosing make or buy, produce in-house or outsource. 4. Ineffective Information Flow Impacting Operational Efficiency The IT infrastructure or lack thereof has a direct impact on the information flow between entities, which in turn impacts the operational efficiency of the supply chain. A bullwhip effect at the downstream has a significant impact on forecasting, production and inventory at the upstream. Even if apparel companies install IT systems, it is challenging for companies to obtain sales data that do not own their sales channels. It becomes difficult to refine manufacturing according to sales data. Countering Traditional Supply Chain Issues The Fast Fashion Supply Chain Practices Some of the key words that have stood out from my analysis of the traditional supply chain are changing customer tastes leading to uncertain demand, long lead time, inventory costs, ineffective information flow, IT infrastructure, make or buy strategies. How did some of the high-velocity fashion retail houses conquer these challenges? An analysis of the supply chain practices at two such fast fashion retail companies Zara and HM provide key insights. 1. Quick Response to Shifting Consumer Tastes and Demands The retail clerks and store managers at Zara determine the new styles to manufacture by feeding sales data back to the manufacturers. Store managers and staff relay customer feedback to regional managers on styles, fabric, cut and colours. While most fashion houses create designs for the public, it is the public that creates Zara’s designs.HM‘s design team too bring to the stores clothes that customers are demanding. HM adopts a customer-driven approach to production. By making use of traditional research methods as well as street trends, HM’s central staff and national offices channelise a lot of their effort into research and prediction of emerging trends. The new high velocity retailers require frequent shipment in small batches as an ongoing replenishment determined by ongoing sales data as well as customer preferences at sales outlets in contrast to traditional apparel supply chain model where manufacturers made typical bulk shipment per season. Both HM and Zara long renounced the traditional industry practice of spring/summer and autumn/winter collections. Their seasonless cycle involves bringing new clothes on a rolling basis throughout the year, which enables designers to receive customers’ reactions to their new line and incorporate them into more new lines rapidly. Zara has the fastest lead time with a catwalk to rack time of just 15 days. 2. Increased Flexibility of   Supply Chain Through Vertical Integration The success of Zara’s fast production is in its vertically integrated supply chain model providing total control of its process from design to sale. Zara owns most of its manufacturing capability and is thus able to maintain flexibility of the manufacturing process enabling it to respond to rapidly changing consumer tastes. About 50% of Zara’s clothes are manufactured in its state-of- the art factories. Zara uses a hybrid manufacturing approach with high demand trendy, highly perishable clothes being produced in its factories in small batches, whereas low demand variability items such as T-shirts and jeans are produced by contract manufacturers. HM does not have factories but relies on a network of 750 external suppliers with flexible lead times and low production costs.   HM also pioneered vertical integration with the distribution network. This vertical marketing enables HM to directly gain and exploit information about sales and customers and accelerate its response to the market. Vertical integration enables cost savings due to reduced tiers in supply chain. 3. Better Inventory Management Through Controlled Production At Zara, if a particular range or style of clothes sells out, it simply makes more of them. If it doesn’t, then it stops production. This approach coupled with Zara’s bi-weekly shipment to retail stores minimises overstock and inventory enabling Zara’s clothes to be sold at full retail price with high profit margins.   Zara limits each design to 3 sizes and 3 colours. Zara is efficiently able to move inventory owing to its up-to-the-minute design, just-in time production and delivery. HM, which relies on its suppliers aims to find the optimal time and supplier to order each item of clothing. On an average, HM is able to get supplementary orders in a few weeks for clothes that are selling well. At HM, the stock management is primarily handled internally.   The store stockroom within HM called the ‘Call-Off warehouse’ replenishes stores with clothes that are in high demand on item level. 4. Use of   Efficient IT Infrastructure   for Rapid Information Dissemination High-velocity operation depends on rapid information flow to a large extent. All of Zara’s stores are linked to its headquarters electronically. The entire supply-chain operation at Zara from design to retail is digitally controlled. Information flow binds the entire pieces of Zara’s operation together. Information is shared openly across business units that are highly adaptable with decision making capacity. IT is a crucial component of HM’s value chain. IT integrates HM stores with the logistics, procurement departments and the central warehouse. An intelligent procurement system processes sales data gathered from central departments. Communication on design and new product development occurs electronically between departments. Limitation of Fast Fashion Supply Chain Practices Clearly, some of the supply chain practices of Zara and HM have been a break-through in the traditional supply chain apparel industry. While the advantages of their practices are undisputable, it is important to be aware of some of their limitations. 1. Vertical Integration v/s Economies of Scale While vertical integration has several advantages, it is important to note some of the limitations. As seen from Zara’s vertical integration model from design to sale and HM’s vertical integration in distribution, flexibility and control are the key drivers. However, vertical integration doesn’t enable acquiring economies of scale. Low lead times of Zara and HM does not give them the cost advantage of high volume discount manufacturing or buying. 2. Centralised Distribution Centres v/s Global Expansion Both Zara and HM are quickly able to replenish garments in their numerous retail stores across Europe.   Although both Zara and HM have scaled up their distribution systems, the centralised logistics will be subject to diseconomies of scale as newer stores are opened in new markets and continents. Shipping garments from their single distribution centre may work well within Europe. However, short lead times and low operational costs may be impacted as they branch out in new territories. 3. Vertical Integration in New Markets v/s High Labour and Production Costs To have state- of- the art factories and replicate the manufacturing, distribution process in new countries may be challenging. Potential economic and regulatory variables such as minimum wages or unions may render manufacturing in new countries impractical.   The Best Fit Supply Chain Practices   for a Fast Fashion Retail Company Taking the best supply chain practices of fast fashion houses Zara and HM and at the same time covering the gap for some of their identified limitations forms the basis of my recommendation. 1.   Seamless Integration of Design Cycles with Inventory Control Integrate design cycles seamlessly inventory control and thereby control short term expenses with long term performance goals. Customers can be compelled to revisit stores for new designs and catering to their varied tastes through rapid response through effective inventory management 2.   Make Them And   Buy Some The advantages of vertical integration are far too many. But vertical integration as seen is not without limitations. The costs associated with rapid manufacturing maybe suitable for fast forward apparel. However, for clothes with low demand variability, a long lead time with materials and manufacturing costs savings may be more efficient.   Low variability garments also enable acquiring economies of scale with bulk manufacturing or buying. 3. Negotiate Shipping Contracts for Overseas Expansion E-Retailing Thinking ahead, as part of overseas expansion and e-retailing strategy, setting up manufacturing and distribution centres overseas can involve significant costs. It would be prudent to set up contracts with 3rd party logistic companies that enable negotiations of transportation costs based on volume and frequency by acquiring economies of scale 4. Use   Efficient IT Systems for Seamless   Information Flow Invest in Enterprise-wide IT systems such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) to integrate all entities of the supply chain. Use of other IT systems such as personal device applications (PDAs) by sales clerks to feed in real-time sales data and customer feedback linked to ERP systems will be a key success driver in dissemination of information which in-turn will positively aid in rapid production. Conclusion As a concluding note, emulating the success of fast fashion houses may or may not prove to be the most beneficial approach. Ultimately, the long term goal, positioning and vision of the fast fashion retail company holds the key to adopting the best fit supply chain strategy and practices. Bibliography icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Operations/HM%20Supply%20Chain%20Management%20Practices- Marketing % 20 Case % 20 Study .htm#Idea _ Generation _ and _Design

Answers to Questions on Multicultural Organizations

Answers to Questions on Multicultural Organizations Explain briefly the meaning of organizational culture and ethnic culture and also explain the main difference between those cultures. Provide suitable examples to support your explanation. Culture refers to the following Ways of Life, including but not limited to: Language: The firstborn human establishment and the easier medium of expression. Arts & Sciences: most advanced and refined forms of human expression. Thought: ways in which people perceive, interpret, and understand the world around them. Spirituality: importance of organization transmitted through generations for the inner well-being of human beings, expressed through language and actions. Social activity: shared recreations within a cultural community, demonstrated in a variety of festivities and life-celebrating events. Interaction: social features of human contact, including the give-and-take of socialization, negotiation, protocol, and conventions. Reference (http://www.roshan-institute.org/templates/System/details.a sp?id=39783&PID=474552) Organization culture is build on the value, beliefs and behavioral norms of organizations it is includes values, beliefs dress code, language, way of personality, rules and regulation, policy and the way they work together. For Example: Imagine and spend one full week inside any one organization – from Monday to Friday – and on Friday at 5:00 PM , conclude the most part such as, the eye catching decision-making style, team-based decision-making, process of sharing information, communication, using symbols, individual responsibility, equal opportunities, etc. these all the process and activity based on so many issues. Generally, this function is the part of organisation and role definition. Situation that the thoughts, meanings, beliefs and values people learn as members of society determines human nature. Persons what they are learned. The Optimistic cultural determinism places no limits on the abilities of human beings to perform their task tow ards the organisational goal and/or objective. Ethnic culture: A characteristic of a people, esp. a group (ethnic group) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the origin, classification, racial, characteristics, etc., Being a portion of an ethnic group, esp. of a group that is a minority within a larger society: for example: ethnic Chinese in New Zealand. Designate or of an inhabitants subgroup having a common cultural heritage or nationality, as distinguished by customs, characteristics, language, common history, etc. Ethnic culture has own group in the organisation for achieving the organisational goal trough the sharing ideas and performing as a team player but for that they should understand the different culture , respect other values, beliefs, tradition, dress code and skills and experiences. For Example: Culture exists everywhere, at various levels of society, and everyone belongs to at least one, at the supranational level (Western and Eastern civi lizations), at the national level (American, French, Japanese), at the ethnic level (Chinese and Maori in New Zealand, WASPS, Blacks and Hispanics in the USA), and so on. Culture can also be applied to other social units such as occupational group (lawyers, accountants, and physicians), corporations (IBM, CALTAX, McDonald) and even tourism sectors (restaurants, hotels, airlines). Question 2:- Select a leadership example from a culture other than your own and: (a):-Explain how cultural perceptions may influence the leadership style and behavior of the individual or organization selected. Give suitable and relevant examples to support your arguments.

Aviation Maintenance and Engineering Research Paper

Aviation Maintenance and Engineering - Research Paper Example All of the maintenance savvy institutions were established in the 1960’s with a sole goal, to increase safety and life of their equipment and aircrafts. The first institution that was built was known as RCM (reliability-Catered maintenance) but united airlines engineers. This was followed by Boeing’s MSG which till present is known as the standard which has to be followed (Kinnison, 2004). All the details of such practices are highlighted in this report and will try to cover the modern aspects of aviation maintenance and engineering as well. Current Issues In the modern era, the aviation industry is faced with a constant threat that is known as human error. Although a lot of research work has been carried out to pin point the loop holes in human psyche, even then there is an alarming rate of accidents caused by the negligence of the human hand and mind. The maintenance of aircrafts includes fast turnaround time, high pressure and a high number of tasks being performed a t the same time. All these factors ca n lead to the lowering of human work manners while working on an aircraft or its components. Although, the advancement of technology has taken aircraft systems to a level which were un-imagined at the time when write brothers being laughed at, for having a dream that was never dreamt before. Powered flight was a dream, let alone sophisticated systems full of avionics loaded navigation systems and flight controls. All these innovations made sure that the systems improve but made the human rely more on technology and become complacent on his routine inspections and maintenance duties. The headings are bolded and centered. You should start off the paragraph with a simple left indent and start the discussion of the assignment. There is no gap between paragraphs. The aircraft incidents in the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s made the research and development teams of different aerospace companies think about different factors leading to these crashes. The most compelling factor that came out from the research was the human factor. Majority of the crashes were due to wither the pilot error or technician error caused by negligence in the filed-line. After this astonishing discovery many agencies were constituted and the silence system was bought in to action. This was the biggest factor involved in incidents when it was an unknown phenomenon, but still takes the lives of thousand as the human falters the moment checks and balances allow him some leverage. Therefore, strict rules have been enforced to eradicate this menace from the aviation industry (Adrian, 2005). A lot of training funds and seminars are being conducted over a period of time in all the aviation related agencies so that maintenance practices can be safe form such an issue, which can hamper the safety of operations of an airline. Current Practices The recent problems and practices in an airline company were easily pointed out by an internal study in an airl ine covering the local region as a part of its internal- research department project. This report was focused mainly upon some key factors like unplanned and unscheduled maintenance, spare parts and component maintenance. Some of the common factors that were noted in the process are explained in detail in the following part of the report. Un-planned

BUSINESS LAW II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUSINESS LAW II - Essay Example In other words, if any financial institution fails, not the customers and taxpayers will bear the cost of such failed financial institutions but Wall Street. Additionally, bad debts will be dropped since banks among other financial institutions will be restrained from incurring unforeseen financial risks. This means that nearly all borrowers will be evaluated thoroughly to minimize obvious defaults. Notably, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 works with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) that ensures that financial institutions have high financial standards that they uphold at all time of their operations (Berson and Berson, 2012). It is also worth noting that the retained percentage will also minimize the losses incurred by financial institutions in case of defaulters. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and its components seems not to be favoring financial institution since it does not provide bail out for financial institutions during rough economy, rather, the government will shut down them down as they will be considered as failed

History of online Vidoe Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

History of online Vidoe Games - Essay Example 1960s, extra computer games were developed for the public (frequently running on mainframe-computers), slowly rising in complexity and sophistication (Bellis, 2009) and (FreeBase, 2009). After this early games development period, video games deviated into diverse platforms and verities like: mainframe, arcade, personal computer, console and later handheld games. Online games  have been around for a while.   They started out years ago before the Internet on terminals, then over modems and now on the Web.   The explosion of online gaming is due to the growing amount of people who have access to the Internet.   Online games vary from basic text to 3d worlds that allow the ability to play other actual users who are connected to the game.   There are also many forums and social networking sites related to online gaming. In 1952, A.S. Douglas wrote his PhD degree at the University of Cambridge on Human-Computer interaction. Douglas created the first graphical computer game - a ve rsion of Tic-Tac-Toe. The game was programmed on an EDSAC vacuum-tube computer, which had a cathode ray tube display (Bellis, 2009) and (Celia Pearce, 2007). At its most basic level, an online game is the term used to represent games that are played over some form of computer network (in most cases, this means the Internet). One of the reasons for the expansion and growth of online gaming sites is the expansion of computer networks from small local networks to the Internet and beyond. Online games can come in a number of formats, ranging from simple text-based games to extremely complex games that include graphics and even virtual worlds. In regards to online gaming sites that allow you to win money, most sites require you to download their software. This is one of the distinguishing factors between TreasureOnNet.com and other similar gaming sites (Gupta, 2009). This era of video game history bears witness to the rise of the 32-bit, 64-bit, and 128-bit processor architecture in home console

Differences between the characteristics of a soft real time task

Differences between the characteristics of a soft real time task Ques 1:-Explain the key differences between the characteristics of a soft real time task such as web browsing and a non real time task such as e-mail delivery? ANS= Key Concepts Classification Of Real-Time Systems Real-Time systems can be classified from different perspectives. The first two classifications, hard real-time versus soft real-time, and fail-safe versus fail-operational, depend on the characteristics of the application, i.e., on factors outside the computer system. The second three classifications, guaranteed-timeliness versus best-effort, resource-adequate versus resource-inadequate, and event-triggered versus time-triggered, depend on the design and implementation, i.e., on factors inside the computer system. However this paper focuses on the differences between hard and soft real-time classification. Hard Real-Time versus Soft Real-Time The response time requirements of hard real-time systems are in the order of milliseconds or less and can result in a catastrophe if not met. In contrast, the response time requirements of soft real-time systems are higher and not very stringent. In a hard real-time system, the peak-load performance must be predictable and should not violate the predefined deadlines. In a soft real-time system, a degraded operation in a rarely occurring peak load can be tolerated. A hard real-time system must remain synchronous with the state of the environment in all cases. On the otherhand soft real-time systems will slow down their response time if the load is very high. Hard real-time systems are often safety critical. Hard real-time systems have small data files and real-time databases. Temporal accuracy is often the concern here. Soft real-time systems for example, on-line reservation systems have larger databases and require long-term integrity of real-time systems. If an error occurs in a sof t real-time system, the computation is rolled back to a previously established checkpoint to initiate a recovery action. In hard real-time systems, roll-back/recovery is of limited use. Ques2:-Name any two important sensors devices and two actuator devices use in real time applications and explain the physical principals behind their working? ANS= one actuator is robotic arms that is mainly used in the manufacture company of any car and bike..the robotic adjust the parts of car inside the cabenet†¦ Input=tempreture ,,,pressure,light,etc its all the input of for the actuator†¦ Output=electrical signal Ques3:-:- In a hard real time system, is it necessary that every task in the system be of hard real time type? Explain your answer using a suitable example? Ans:-Contain only tasks with no hard timing constraints.Also known as â€Å"best effort† systemsMost modern operating systems can serve as the base for a soft real time systems.Examples:multimedia transmission and reception, networking, telecom (cellular) networks,web sites and services, computer games. Contains tasks with hard timing constraints.Requires formal verification/guarantees of being to always meet its hard deadlines (except for fatal errors). Examples:air traffic control , vehicle subsystems control, medical systems There are two different execution models: In a preemptive model of execution a task may be interrupted (preempted) during its execution and another task run in its place. In a non-preemptive model of execution after a task that starts executing no other task may execute until this task concludes or yields the CPU. The task model for a real time system has two main types: Ques4:-What are the different types of timing constraints that occur in a system? Give examples of each. Time constraints of data:-The controlling system interacts with its environment based on the data available about the environment, say from various sensors e.g position , velocity, and altitude, sensors and cameras. It is known that the state of the environment, as perceived by the controlling system, be consistent with the actual state of the environment. The second data is processed further to derive new data, for example data such as aircraft position, heading velocity are used to derive the time at which it would touch ground if allowed to land. Time constraints of actions:- having covered the timing aspects of events and data we are now in a position to summarize the reasons for actions being associated with time constraints. Time constraints dictate the behaviour of the environment they constrain the rates and time at which input arrive at the system for example in an air traffic control system, a flight commander must not ask for permission to land until the aircraft is 10 minutes from the airport. Behavioral constraints ensure that the environment of a system is well behaved, whereas performance constraints ensure that the computer system performs satisfactorily. Each of performance and behavioral constraints can further be classified into the following three types: Delay Constraint Deadline Constraint Duration Constraint These three classes of constraints are explained in the subsequent sections. Ques5:-Explain why safety and reliability are not independent issues in safety-critical hard real time systems. Explain the basic techniques you would adopt to develop a software product that is required to be highly reliable Ans:- it will crash, and it wastes lot of time and money to create a new system, and if the system is crash it will not work as a real time system ,it loses the reliability ,therefore it is necessary to hard real time systems that safety and reliability depends on each other, thus system works as a true hard real time system. In traditional systems ,safety and reliability are normally considered to be independent issues .it is therefore possible to identify a traditiona system that is safe and unreliable and systems that are reliable but unsafe.for ex- word processing software may not be a reliable but is safe, Software Reliability is an important to attribute of software quality, together with functionality, usability, performance, serviceability, capability, installability, maintainability, and documentation. Software Reliability is hard to achieve, because the complexity of software tends to be high. While any system with a high degree of complexity, including software, will be hard to reach a certain level of reliability, system developers tend to push complexity into the software layer, with the rapid growth of system size and ease of doing so by upgrading the software. For example, large next-generation aircraft will have over one million source lines of software on-board; next-generation air traffi c control systems will contain between one and two million lines; the upcoming international Space Station will have over two million lines on-board and over ten million lines of ground support software; several major life-critical defense systems will have over five million source lines of software. While the complexity of software is inversely related to software Ques6:-Give an example of soft real time task and non real time task. Explain the difference in between these two types of tasks? Ans:- A soft real-time system on the other hand will tolerate such lateness, and may respond with decreased service quality (e.g., omitting frames while displaying a video). Soft real-time systems are typically used where there is some issue of concurrent access and the need to keep a number of connected systems up to date with changing situations;a non real time tasks are batch processing jobs,e -mail,and background tasks such an event logers .you may ,however ,argue that even these tasks, in the strict sense of the term ,do have certain time bounds.an email is expected to reach its destination at least with in a coupleof hours of being sent.similar is the case with a batch processing job such a pay-slip printing what then reality is the difference between a non real task and a soft real time task for non real time tasks ,the associated time bounds are typically of the order of a few minutes hours or even days .in contrast the time bounds associated with soft real time tasks are at most of the order

Humans are Responsible for Global Warming Essay -- environment, global

This essay offers a defense to the position that humans are responsible for global warming. What is Carbon Dioxide? Before attempting to answer any questions based on observations about carbon dioxide, taking a moment to identify the carbon dioxide helps to ensure a clear understanding of the element. According to Princeton University (n.d.), â€Å"carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide, is a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances†. This naturally occurring element is exists in the Earth’s atmosphere where it circulates between water, plants, soil and animals. Current Carbon Dioxide Levels Knowledge of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere helps scientists understand how the gas affects Earth, its atmosphere and any potential global warming. Carbon dioxide levels, measured in parts per million (ppm), defines a unit of measure â€Å"as a measure of small levels of pollutants in air, water, body fluids, etc. Parts per million is the mass ratio between the pollutant component and the solution† (TET, n.d.). Rising every year since 1958, the current atmospheric carbon dioxide level is 396.81 ppm according to co2now.org (2014). Scientists believe that they only have a short amount of time to get this and other greenhouse gases under control before the planet crosses the point of no return. With a level of 396.81 ppm of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, one may wonder if this level is the highest level the Earth has seen in the last 450,000 years. According to the graph found at Planet Seed’s website (2014), this is the highest levels of carbon dioxide level recorded in that time. In fact, the graph clearly shows a spike in carbon dioxide levels in the last portion of the g... ...3). Overview of greenhouse gases. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html Hilderman, R. (2011). Fossil fuel and atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Retrieved from http://www.motherearthnews.com/nature-and-environment/fossil-fuel-and-atmospheric-levels-of-carbon-dioxide.aspx Marshall, C. (2013). Small-scale U.S. lab experiment removes CO2 from atmosphere at relatively low cost. http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059981902 Planet Seed. (2014). Global climate change and energy CO2 and temperature change. Retrieved from http://www.planetseed.com/relatedarticle/co2-and-temperature-change Princeton University. (n.d.). WordNet search - 3.1. Retrieved from http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=co2 The Engineering Toolbox (TET). (n.d.). PPM - parts per million. Retrieved from http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ppm-d_1039.html